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Ⅰ.概述
Ⅱ.常考语法
Ⅲ.高分练习
一、此阶段的语法学习非常重要
这不仅是因为它是许多英语专业考研的直接考点，而且是因为它是语言水平和质量的重要体现，是我们在做考卷其他部分时不可或缺的知识基础。较深厚的语法知识可帮助我们分析阅读理解和翻译中的长句、难句，确保正确性和准确性。
如语法题：
1.Commiserating with one of his American admirers, Rebekah Owen, for having to get in a plumber, he suggested that she took up plumbing herself. (北京外国语大学 2014年基础英语篇章改错部分 )此处考查语法 suggest that sb. do 因此，took应改为 take。
2.It may be that (A) when his life at last comes to an end he will leave (B) no more trace of his sojourn (C) on earth than a stone throwing to (D) a river leaves on the surface of the water.
(北京航空航天大学2014年基础英语句子改错部分)
此处考查语法分词含义，即现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。因此,D项应改为被动形式，thrown to,作为stone的修饰语。
3.Be they epistemological, ontological, psychological, pragmatic, or ethical, one of the most puzzling aspects of this rejection of objectivity in journalism is that it seems to be taken both as an established fact and as a matter still requiring careful,______.(对外经济贸易大学基础英语 2014年单选部分 )
A. if not to say obsessive, attention
B. not to say obsessive attention
C. if not, say, obsessive attention
D. not saying obsessive, attention
此处考查 say作为插入语的用法，故选 C。
4.______with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. (北京交通大学 2014年基础英语单选部分 )
A. When compared
B. Compare
C. While comparing
D. Comparing典型语法题，前半句为独立主格结构，该句主语为 the highest mountain，故选择被动形式，A项。
5. In this sense, the past surely weaves a complex pattern into all kinds of primitive literature, and it would be highly arbitrary to identify as myths those stories 20 explicitly refer to the past in such a way that it may be historically conceived.（国际关系学院 2014年基础英语完形填空）
此为长难句，文体读来也些许晦涩难懂，但如若仔细分析句子结构，搞清语法成分，便不难填空。空前结构可简化为 identify stories as myths，由于 stories修饰成分过长，故改变结构。因此，由空后缺少主语，填出 which。
如在翻译题中：
1. Most commonly, we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that shall be false,of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.(How should one read a book?—Virginia Woolf，众多学校的题源 )
该句为省略句，of前省略 asking，避免重复。然而中文可将其还原。参考译文：我们打开书，往往是思想模糊，头脑割裂，对其求非所予。苛求小说真实，苛求诗歌造作，要求传记美化，要求史书认同一己之见。
2. And speaking of freedom, is not the author free, as few men are free? Is he not secure, as few men are secure?（The Joys of Writing—Winston Churchill）
本句迷惑之处在于表面是疑问句、否定句，实则为强烈的肯定句。据此，可试译为：至于自由，时间鲜有，却为作家独享；世人生活皆有岌岌可危之感，作家心中却独存一份安然恬淡。
如在阅读理解题中：
1. All these stories are based on similar scripts：callous doctors convert harsh criminals into docile individuals who, once operated upon, become dull and lose their critical capacities, or, conversely, neurosurgeons remodel exemplary citizens in remorseless warriors who are unstoppable from committing cruelties afterwards. （北京外国语大学 2014年基础英语阅读）提取出句子主干 All these stories are based on similar scripts：doctors convert criminals into individuals, or neurosurgeons remodel citizens in warriors. 由于插入语以及定语从句等成分，我们对句子不能提纲挈领，拨云见雾抓住句子主干。可见，扎实的语法功底不论在美文欣赏还是应试技巧上都必不可少。
2. Imagine all the devotees of the humanities suddenly withdrawing to a monastery, taking with them all that belongs to them; the workaday world we know would turn before our astonished faces into something bleak, dark, soundless, bare of sensuous charm, and empty of any meaning beyond that of immediate needs and their fulfillment by mechanical aids.（南京大学 2004年基础英语阅读部分）
这是由分号连接的并列句，其中分号后面的句子中的谓语 turn，语法知识敏感的人立即就可以看出 turn后面接着的 before our astonished faces是介词短语做状语修饰 turn, 而 turn与后面的 into构成搭配。这样整个句子结构就清楚了，意为 “我们所了解的世界就会在我们的面前惊人地变成……”。如果能分析句子成分，阅读理解就可以完全达成。
二、英语语法、用法中的“一般”和“特殊”
这个层次的语法学习切记住：要把握好英语语法的一般性和特殊性的关系。如上海交通大学 2005年英语水平考试第Ⅲ题句子改错部分的第 62题：
He has taken honors (A) courses throughout his tenure at his suburban high school, has already qualifiedA for (B) advance placement in (C) two subjects and expects to qualify for (D) several others. 考生往往会选择 A项，因为语法的一般规律规定：当一个名词修饰另一个名词时应用原型，
故 honors 应改为 honor , 但是特殊的是 honors也是原型，只不过是意思有些变了， honors 不是 “荣誉 ” 之意而是 “优等成绩 ”之意了。这类特殊性有： waters (大水、水域 )、readings (读物 )、 communications (通信 )、regards (致意 )、apologies (无限歉意 )、brains (智力 )、damages (索赔 )等等，所以我们学习语法要多查勤查，万不可想当然。尤其针对考试更是如此，因为考试特别是国内出题的考试或多或少信奉 “特殊大于一般 ”。此题答案为 D，for应改为 in，与前面的 in two subjects中的 in 构成并列一致。
1.有关定冠词的一般性与特殊性：
一般性：天体的名称加定冠词 the the moon, the stars, the constellations (星座 ) , the sun, the planet等。特殊性：除地球以外其他行星不可以加 the
Mars（火星）、Jupiter（木星）、Saturn（土星）、Neptune（海王星）、Mercury（水星）、Venus（金星）、 Pluto（冥王星）、Uranus（天王星）。
2.有关情态动词 will和 shall的一般性和特殊性：
一般性： shall用于第一人称， will 用于所有人称。特殊性： shall 亦可用于其他人称，表示讲话人的意志和决心。如： Lincoln的 The Government of the people, for the people and by the people shall never perish from the earth.（注：此处的 shall要重读。）另外，一般说 I shall see you.而其特殊性： Since I shall be seeing you tomorrow, you can explain everything to me then.
前者句子表达讲话人的“意志”，而后者句子表达“事先已约定好的事。”
3.有关英语时态的一般性和特殊性：
一般性： always, often, invariably 这些词用于一般现在时的句子中。特殊性：亦可用于一般或过去进行时句子中表示 “不耐烦，不满 ”等情绪。如： She is always complaining.
三、英语语法中的“其一”和“其他”。
英研层次的语法要求考生要知“其一”，更要知“其他”。所谓“其一”就是人所共知的语法常识，
“其他”指的是令人颇觉生疏的语法现象，只知“其一”，不知道“其他”是最有害的，因为国内考试所信奉的另一个原则就是：“其他”大于“其一”。正如 Alexander Pope所言： A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.往往似是而非的“其一”就成了典型陷阱。
有关词惯用法的“其一”和“其他”之辩举隅：
1.“如果 ”
“其一 ”（一般性）：if
“其他 ”（特殊性）：
suppose
provided that
were
supposing
on condition that
had
assuming
do… and…
but for
providing
should
如：
1) suppose (conj.)
Or suppose that your husband gave you a cheque for ￡15,000; wouldn't that be worth a hug?假如你的丈夫给你一张 1 万 5 千镑的支票，难道那还不值得你的一个拥抱么？
2) supposing (conj.)
Supposing things change and the industry becomes more important, we might make a big profit.
如果情况改变工业变得更加重要，我们就能大赚一笔。
3) assuming (conj.)
Assuming that you go to the university, how are you going to finance your studies?
如果你去大学念书，钱从哪里来？
4) providing/provided that (conj.)
Providing they do not panic, I believe that their chances of survival will be beyond 95 percent.如果他们能保持镇静，我相信他们活下来的机会则会超过95% 。
5) on condition that (adv.; conj.)
General Motors agreed to supply trucks to the Chinese government on condition that they altered their pricing policy on cars.
通用公司同意在改变他们的汽车价格政策的前提下向中国政府提供卡车。
6) do…and…
Get to the cinema by 7:00 and you won't have to wait in the ticket line.
如果七点钟前到电影院的话你就不用排队买票了。
7) should (aux.)
We've planned everything very carefully, but should there be any problems, contact me immediately.
我们已经小心地计划了一切，但如果有任何问题请立刻与我联系。
8) were（虚拟倒装）
Were he to do this job, he might do it in another way.
如果是他做这份工作，他会有不同的方式。
9) had (aux, 倒装后 )
My horse would have won had he not fallen at the final fence.
我的马本会赢，如果它没有在最后的栅栏处摔倒。
10) but for =were it not for
Whole industries would have collapsed but for a massive injection of public funds.
如果不是大量公众投资的注入，整个工业都会崩溃。
2.“尽管”“其一”： although, even though (尽管)“其他”：
1) for all (adv.)
For all my love of landscape, nothing could persuade me to spend another day in the Highlands.
我绝对不会在苏格兰高地再待一天，尽管我对美景喜爱有加。
2) notwithstanding (adv.; conj.; prep.)
Notwithstanding differences, there are clear similarities in all of the world's religions.
世界上所有的宗教尽管有不同，但还是有非常明显的相似之处。
The end of the Cold War notwithstanding, the world is still a dangerous place.
尽管冷战已经结束，世界仍然处在危险之中。
3) as (conj.)
Great as the author was, he proved a bad model.
这位作者尽管了不起，到头来却成了一个坏榜样。
4) be ( v.)
“He was only joking.” “Be that as it may, silly remarks like that can do a lot of harm.”
“他只是在开玩笑。”“就算是这样，那种蠢话仍会给别人带来伤害。”
3. advise
“其一”（一般）
1) advise sb. to d：o sth…
You are strongly advised to take out medical insurance when visiting America.
强烈建议您去美国时买医疗保险。
2) advise + that clause
Experts advise that sunscreen be reapplied every one to two hours.
专家建议每一到两小时都要涂一次防晒霜。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) advise sb. against sth.
After he recovered, he advised her against going along with the crowd, of course.
他恢复以后建议她不要和那群人来往。
2) advise + n. (/n. p./ p. +g. / g.)
The makers advise extreme caution when handling this material.
制造者建议在处理这种物质时一定要极为小心。
I advised (your) waiting until tomorrow. 我建议（你们）等到明天。
3) advise + on
She's been asked to advise on training the new sales team.
她被邀请来为新销售队伍的培训提供建议。
4) advise + of (=to tell)
We'll advise you of any changes in the delivery dates.
如果递送日期有任何变化我们将通知您。
be well/ill advised to do sth. (be wise/unwise to do sth.)
You would be well advised to stay in bed and rest. 卧床休息一下很明智。
4. agree
“其一”（一般）：
1) agree that
Most people nowadays would agree that a good pub is one of our best traditions.
一个好酒馆是我们传统的重要体现，现在大多数人都同意这点。
2) agree with sb.
If she felt he was right, she would agree with him. 如果她觉得他是对的那她就会同意他。
3) agree with (一致)
Your story doesn't agree with what the police have told us.
你说的和警方告诉我们的可不一致啊。
4) agree with (同意)
I have never agreed with animal experimentation. 我从没有支持过用动物做实验。
5) agree on/about
It's a budget that the President and Congress cannot agree on.
总统和国会在预算问题上有分歧。
6) agree to do something
The conservatives surprised everyone by agreeing to defy the government and overspend by almost as much as ten million.
保守党决定违背政府并超支近一千万元，真是令每个人都感到震惊。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) agree to sb. doing
My sister won't agree to our mother going into a nursing home.
我姐姐不会同意把妈妈送到养老院的。
2) agree on + wh-
They managed to agree on when to start the program. 他们已经商量好何时开始项目了。
3) agree in
They agree in their taste. 他们志趣相投。
The two parties agreed in changing a government. 两党一致希望更换政府。
5. ask
“其一”（一般）
1) ask sb. about s：th.
They'll probably just ask you about your education and work experience.
他们很可能只问问你的学历和工作经历。
2) ask for
Some people find it difficult to ask for help. 有人在困难时觉得很难开口。
3) ask sb. to do sth.
Would you ask visitors not to park their cars in front of the entrance?
能告诉来宾不要将车停放在入口前么？
4) ask sth. of sb.
You have no right to ask anything of me. 你没权利要我做什么。
5) ask if …could
Betty's been asking me if she could take the dog out for a walk.
贝蒂一直问我能不能带狗出去遛遛弯。
6) ask if …would
She asked me if I would leave early. 她问我愿不愿意早一点走。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) ask for sb (want to talk to)
There's someone at the door asking for Dad. 门口有人要和爸爸说话。
2) be sb. for the asking
With three years'experience behind her, the promotion was Kate's for the asking.
凭着三年的工作经验，凯特只要申请就肯定会得到提升。
3) ask too much/ a lot of sb.
Expecting the children to do an hour's homework after school is asking a lot of them.
放学后让孩子做一个小时的功课实在是要求得过多。
4)ask after sb.
She appreciated it when you asked after her elderly father this morning.
今早你对他老父亲的问候使她很高兴。
6. believe
“其一”（一般）：
1) believe
Labour still believes that it has a better story about its own plans for improving public services than the Tories.
工党仍然认为他们提高公共服务的计划比保守党好。
2) believe in
You've got to believe in yourself, or you'll never succeed.
不相信自己就不会成功。
We believe in letting everyone have the right to see their own medical records.
我们认为每个人都有权利去看他们的医疗记录。
Do you believe in God? 你信上帝么？
“其他”（特殊）：
believe sb. to do sth.
The police believed the robbers to have escaped via Heathrow Airport.
警方认为强盗们是从希思罗机场逃跑的。
7. concentrate
“其一”（一般）：
1) concentrate on
Sherman sat hunched forward and staring through the windshield, trying to concentrate on the traffic.
谢尔曼身体前倾紧盯窗外，尽力注视着交通状况。
2) concentrate in/at
Radium is readily absorbed into the body where it concentrates in the bone marrow and gives off very damaging alpha particles.
镭已经完全被身体吸收，集中在骨髓之中，向外放射着极为有害的阿尔法粒子。
“其他”（特殊）：
concentrate to do sth.
You must concentrate to do this. 要做好这项工作你就必须专心致志。
8. consider
“其一”（一般）：
1) consider + n./g.
The mayor needs to consider local residents when she decides where to put the new stadium.
市长在决定新的运动场的位置时需要考虑当地居民。
Have you considered getting a new car?
想过买一辆新车么？
2) consider sb. /sth. to be
The society had become so perverted by power and corruption that honest people were considered to be stupid.
社会被权力与腐败所扭曲，以至于那些诚实的人反被认为是愚蠢的。
3) consider + that clause
The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.
当地机关认为那所学校没有达到要求。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) consider sth. sth.
I would consider it an honour to serve on the Executive Committee.
为执委工作真是我的荣幸。
2) consider yourself lucky/fortunate (=believe you are lucky etc.)
Consider yourself lucky you weren't in the car at the time.
你当时不在车中真是幸运。
3) consider n. (stare)
Henry considered the sculpture with an expert eye.
亨利用专家的眼睛凝视着雕塑。
9. decide
“其一”（一般）：
1) decide to do
Tina's decided to go to Prague for her holidays.
蒂娜决定假期去布拉格。
2) decide that
The parents decided that Sean might be more successful elsewhere, so they enrolled him in a recommended local private school.
父母认为肖恩在别的地方也许会更加出色，所以他们让他上了当地一所备受推崇的私立学校。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) decide on
We couldn't decide on a new color for the kitchen, so we left it white.
我们决定不了给厨房刷什么颜色，就只好留着白色。
2) decide against/in favor of
For a second he thought about using his gun, but decided against it.
一瞬之间他想用他的枪，但随后又放弃了。
10. have, help, let, make, get ——“使 ”类动词，注意有没有 to
“其一”（一般）：
1) have
I'll have the bellboy take up your bags. 我让侍者帮您拿包。
2) help （可有可无 to）
The union thus helps people develop a greater sense of money management.
协会以此帮助人们提高了管理钱的意识。
3) let
So let us look at what factors appear to affect the performance of individuals in their jobs.
那么就让我们看看有哪些因素影响了个人在工作之中的表现吧。
4) make
The vet put something down the dog's throat to make it vomit.
兽医往狗的喉咙里灌了些东西让它呕吐。
“其他”（特殊）：
get sb. to do sth.
Parents learn ways to talk to and carry a baby to get it to stop crying.
父母学习与婴儿交流和抱他的方法以让他停止大哭。
11.“防止”
“防止”类动词，注意所跟介词及动词的形式。
stop
dissuade
hold back
discourage
disqualify
preclude
prevent
distract
protect
ban
divert
restrain
bar
enjoin
restrict
block
exclude
forbid
prohibit
exempt
keep
hinder
“其一”（一般）：
1) stop
When I asked Jasper what had stopped him from accepting these large offers, the question startled him.
当我问到杰斯帕是什么阻止他接受那些慷慨的施予时，他被我的问题吓坏了。
另外， stop还有个特殊性，就是 stop sb. doing。
2) discourage
If this report that the army is planning a coup is serious, then the army must be discouraged from doing that.
如果那份关于军队正在计划实施政变的报告是严肃的，那么一定要阻止他们。
3) prevent
There were reports that some people had been prevented from voting in the election.
有报告称一些人在选举中投票时受到阻挠。
4) ban
The government has banned public official from accepting gifts from foreigners.
政府严禁公务员接受外国人的礼物。
5) bar The fans were barred from ever attending football matches in England again.
这些球迷在英国被永远禁止到场观看足球比赛。
6) block Drugs that block acetylcholine from interfering with memory.
防止乙酰胆碱影响记忆力的药物。
7) prohibit
GM yesterday announced a new policy prohibiting its managers from discussing specific companies with the media.
昨天通用公司出台新政策，防止本公司经理对媒体议论某个公司。
8) keep
Still, the only thing it ever kept me from doing in sports was being a football referee.
不过始终阻止我当足球运动员的唯一原因是我是裁判。
9) dissuade
But none of these horrors had dissuaded Godolphin from travelling in the Reconciled Dominions.
但是这些恐惧都没有阻止戈多尔芬在和解领土上的旅行。
10) disqualify
They can also be disqualified from acting as directors of companies in the future.
他们也可能被取消在未来担当公司经理的资格。
11) distract
Not that his pursuers would be distracted from finding him by such petty secrecy.
他的追随者们不会因为这点小秘密而转移注意力不去找他。
12) divert
Shrub roses were trussed to let people pass; signs erected to divert visitors from seeing the non-scenic compost heap.
玫瑰丛被捆在一起方便人们通过，立起的牌子使人们的注意从伤风景的肥料堆上移开。
13) enjoin
The defendant was enjoined from using the patent.
被告被判无权使用专利。
14) exclude
Potter was excluded from military service due to his poor eyesight.
伯特因为视力不佳未能去军队服役。
15) exempt
Prisons are exempt from having regular visits from environmental health officers.
不允许环境健康官员对犯人进行定期的访问。
16) hinder
The lowering clouds hindered their aircraft from bombing and strafing his men and made parachuting supplies to their beleaguered garrison nearly impossible.
低空云层阻止了飞机的轰炸和扫射，并几乎使给他们被围攻的要塞空运补给成为不可能。
17) hold back
Republicans have expressed interest in the plan but have held back from making a commitment.
共和党人已经表示对计划感兴趣，但是他们还不能给出什么承诺。
18) preclude
Jehovah's Witnesses' religious beliefs precludes them from undertaking compulsory national service.
耶和华目击证人们的宗教信仰使他们无法为国家提供必需的服务。
19) protect
It was just that I wanted, foolishly, to protect you from being hurt by the cruel world.
我只是愚蠢地希望保护你不让你受残酷世界的伤害。
20) restrain
His arm was hurting him and he had to be restrained from doing too much.
他胳膊很疼，不得不少做一些。
21) restrict
Can the school board restrict teachers from expressing their views?
校董事会可以限制老师表达他们的观点 ?
“其他”（特殊） forbid （接 to do 形：式）
Post Office rules forbid employees to accept tips. 邮政法规防止员工收取小费。
而被动则不然，如：
Women are forbidden from going out without a veil. 女子如果不戴面纱就不允许出门。
12.“当作”
“当作”类动词： regard, refer, remember, count, look on, see
“其一”（一般, 必须加 as）：
1) regard
Though 20 years old, the book is still regarded as the authority on the subject.
20年了，这本书仍然被认为是这个学科中的权威。
2) refer
Medieval texts refer to it as one of the fifty-one most sacred places for Hindus.
中世纪的文献称这里是印度 51个最神圣的地方之一。
3) remember
Johnson wanted to be remembered as “the education president.”
约翰逊希望被人们纪念为 “教育总统 ”。
4) count
I think Mexico should be counted as part of Central America.
我认为墨西哥应该被算为中美洲的一部分。
5) look on
You've got to remember that at the time, deregulation was looked on as an open cash-register.
你必须记住，在那个时候违反常规被认为是摇钱树。
6) see
Climbers see the Himalayas as the final frontier.
攀登者们视喜马拉雅山为最后的边界。
7) choose
The company has chosen London as its base.
公司选伦敦作为根据地。
8) intend
The Ministry of Agriculture statement said that the warning had been intended as preventative advice.
农业部的声明称这个警告只是一个预防性的通知。
此类动词还有
accept
depict
perceive
acknowledge
describe
portray
adopt
diagnose
present
bill
disguise
recognize
brand
dismiss
regard
cast
enlist
represent
categorize
establish
scorn
characterize
give
mean
classify
hail
suggest
condemn
have
take as/for
confirm
identify
treat
construe
install
use
count
interpret
view
define
know
denounce
其二（特殊——没有 as） ：
1) consider
He is currently considered the best British athlete.
他被认为是眼下英国最好的运动员。
Nevertheless, green manuring should not be considered as a means of stimulating quick plant growth.
但是，绿色施肥不应被认为是一种刺激植物生长的方法。
2) make （注： make没有 as）
The President has made Lloyd Bentsen his Secretary of the Treasury.
总统任命劳埃德·本特森为财政部大臣。
3) name
The magazine has named Bonnie Fuller as deputy editor.
邦妮·富勒被任命为杂志副主编。
It named Thomas Ashmore president of the top-10-market organization, which will be based in Dallas.
托马斯·阿施莫被任命为将建立在达拉斯的 top-10-market 机构的主席。
4) label
Campbell has labeled the commission' s recommendations as sheer nonsense.
坎贝尔称委员会的推荐纯属废话。
The newspapers had unjustly labeled him a troublemaker.
报纸不公正地称其为麻烦制造者。
5) appoint
They have appointed Jane Green as their new East Coast manager.
他们任命简 ·格林为东海岸的新经理。
The board appointed her the chief operating officer of the company.
董事会任命她为公司的首席执行官。
6) ordain
The church voted to allow women to be ordained (as) priests.
教会投票批准妇女成为牧师。
此类动词还有： designate, elect , imagine, nominate, proclaim, rate, report
13. mean
“其一”（一般）：
1)“Downsizing” simply means that firms are tending to buy smaller computers to do jobs which used to require big ones.
“缩小化 ”意味着公司倾向于购买小型电脑来做那些以前要靠大机器才能完成的任务。
2) Bush's tax cuts and the slowing economy mean that Pentagon policy choices will have to be made this year.
布什的减税与经济的放慢意味着五角大楼的政策选择必须在今年完成。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) You are meant to fill in a tax form every year.
你该每年都填一份税务表。
2) I meant you to get it but I forget to tell you.
我原打算让你把它拿来，但是忘了告诉你。
14. intend
“其一”（一般）：
1) Her lawyers stated that they intended to call at least five witnesses.
她的律师称她们决定叫至少 5个证人。
2) The book is intended for children aged 5-7.
这本书的对象是 5到 7岁的孩子。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) I didn't intend her to see the painting until it was finished.
我不想在画完这幅画前让她看到它。
2) The comment was not intended as a put-down but simply a statement of fact.
这个评论不是有意贬低，只是实事求是罢了。
15. succeed
“其一”（一般）：
succeed in
In one year, we've succeeded in increasing profits by 40%.
一年之中我们成功地使利润提高了 40%。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) make a success of
Both have made a success of their lives, both are very affectionate and both have children and happy marriages.
两人都非常的成功，充满挚爱之情，有孩子和完满的婚姻。
2) have success with
She has great success with the boys.
她在男孩子面前吃得很开。
3) succeed sb. as sb.
Wolcott will succeed Dr. Johansen as director of the museum next year.
明年沃尔考特将接任约翰森博士出任博物馆馆长。
4) succeed to the throne
When Edward VI succeeded to the throne, he was only nine years old.
爱德华六世九岁便继承了王位。
16. suspect
“其一”（一般）：
1) suspect sb.
Although they were in the area on the day of the robbery, no one suspected them.
尽管案发当天他们都在那里，还是没有人怀疑他们。
2) suspect sth.
A man has been found dead in his home and the police suspect foul play.
一个人死在家中，警方怀疑这是场谋杀。
3) suspect+that clause
He suspected Hubert had erred in some way, but did not care to ask.
虽然没有问，他还是怀疑休伯特仿佛在哪儿错了。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) suspect sb. of sth.
Both men had originally been suspected of Brown's murder.
两人一开始都被怀疑谋杀了布朗。
2) suspect sb. to do sth.
The police suspected the driver to have murdered the singer.
警方怀疑是司机杀害了那位歌手。
17. take
“其一”（一般）：
take to be
The parents took the young man to be a teacher.
家长把那个年轻人当成老师了。
“其他”（特殊）：
1) take to sth.
Charles was an odd character whom Kelly had never really taken to.
查理性格古怪，凯利从来都没有喜欢过他。
2) take up sth.
She takes up a child under each arm.
她一手抱起一个孩子。
3) take in
She took my saying in very bad part.
她认为我说的话不怀好意。
18. Inversion 倒装
“其一”（一般）
1)否定性状语前置表强调。
Under no circumstances are you to leave the house.
你绝对不能离开这幢房子。
In no country will you be offered stranger coffee than in England.
在任何国家你也不会喝到比在英国喝到的更奇特的咖啡。
2) to such 用在肯定句中的倒装。
To such straits was he reduced by his extravagance that he took to begging.
他因为挥霍浪费弄到这等境地，竟然开始要起饭来。
3)引用时
“Well I never!” remarked my grandfather.
“喔，我决不！”爷爷说道。
“其他”（特殊）：
1)肯定句中状语前置。
In front of me lay the whole valley like an untouched paradise on earth.
展现在我们面前的整个山谷，犹如一个无人到过的人间天堂。
2)副词提前
Off you go! 你走开！
Down fell a clutter of cartons and boxes.
乱七八糟的一堆纸匣和木箱倒了下来。
总而言之，语言规则性反映出语言的稳定性和保守性；而语言的反规则性则反映语言的求变性和革命性。后者是语言变化的动因，使语言成为不断变化的，吐旧纳新、兼容并蓄的知识和文化的载体。而对考试而言要时刻牢记：语言实际上只有两个规则：一是规则，二是反规则。从某种意义上讲 “反规则 ”更为生动，更为重要，尤其是对应考试这件事。故有必要再重申一遍考试的原则是：“特殊 ”大于 “一般 ”，要知“其一 ”，更要知“其他”。
经过我们对全国各高校英语专业研究生入学考试语法项目测试内容的分析后发现，语法部分的测试内容主要包括如下语法知识点：非谓语动词、从句、比较级、固定搭配、虚拟语气、平行结构、时态与语态、倒装、情态动词、主谓一致、代词、强调和省略、修饰、含糊等。通常情况下，语法试题多以比较复杂的句子结构考查比较简单的语法知识点。所以，考生应该对语法基本知识点的掌握达到 “炉火纯青 ”的地步，面对复杂的句子结构保持清醒的头脑，切记运用你的 “语法意识 ”去应对看上去相当复杂、其实测试的语法内容却相当简单的试题。
i考点分析
1.谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题眼。此类题的解题技巧主要是熟记哪些动词后边只能接动词不定式，哪些动词后边只能接动名词。
1)通常要求不定式作宾语的常见动词和词组有：
afford
decide
learn
resolve
agree
demand
long
seem
aim
desire
manage
strive
arrange
determine
mean
swear
ask
endeavor
offer
tend
attempt
expect
plan
threaten
beg
fail
prepare
want
care
help
pretend
wish
choose
hope
promise
would like
claim
intend
refuse
2)通常要求动名词作宾语的常见动词和词组有：
acknowledge
dread
keep
recommend
admit
endure
keep on
require
advise
enjoy
leave off
report
anticipate
envy
mention
resent
appreciate
escape
mind
resist
avoid
excuse
miss
resume
can't help
fancy
pardon
risk
complete
favor
postpone
suggest
consider
feel
like
practice
spend
delay
finish
put off
tolerate
deny
give up
quit
understand
detest
imagine
recall
regret
2.分清“to+名词 / 动名词”与“不定式”，容易产生介词“to”与不定式符号混淆的常考的固定搭配主要有：
To prefer doing something to doing something
To look forward to doing something
To be used to doing something
To stick to doing something
To object to doing something
To have objection to doing something
To be opposed to doing something
To admit/confess to doing something
3.非谓语动词的时态和语态
1)非谓语动词的时态
非谓语动词的时态有四种，即一般时、进行时、完成时和完成进行时：to do, to be doing, to have done和 to have been doing。
2)非谓语动词语态
非谓语动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态：to be done, to be being done, to be having done, to be having been done。
4.作各种成分的非谓语动词
1)作定语的非谓语动词有以下几种形式
动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式 , 动名词作定语很少考。选择现在分词还是过去分词作定语，要看非谓语动词与所修饰的词之间的关系。如果是主谓关系用现在分词；如是动宾关系用过去分词。如表示将来用动词不定式。动名词与现在分词作定语的区别在于：动名词作定语表示所修饰的词的用途或性质。例如：sleeping bag 意为：a bag for sleeping；而现在分词作定语则表示所修饰的词所处的状态或所具有的特征，现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句。例如：sleeping boy意为：a boy who is sleeping。
2)作状语
作状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。用现在分词还是用过去分词，要看分词与句中主语的关系（或与其逻辑主语的关系），如果是主谓关系用现在分词，如果是动宾关系则用过去分词。如表示将来用动词不定式。
3)作表语
测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上，所以对于作表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。做表语的分词一般只有 doing 和 done 两种形式。其中现在分词作表语往往表示主语的性质或特征，含有 “令人……”的意思 ,多数情况下主语是物；而过去分词作表语往往表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到……”的意思，多数情况下主语是人。例如：The film is very exciting. He is very excited.可接表语的系动词很多，除 be外还有 remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become , go 等等。
4)作宾语补足语
一般做宾补的非谓语动词的形式选择与作其他成分的非谓语动词形式的选择规则基本相同。选择现在分词还是过去分词作宾补取决于非谓语动词与宾语的关系。如果为主谓关系即用现在分词，如果为动宾关系则用过去分词。常见的要求不定式作宾补的动词有： ask, order, persuade, advise, tell, want, call on, like 等。而有些动词则要求用不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补。其中一类为感官动词如： see, hear, watch, notice, feel 等;另一类为使役动词如： have, let, make 等。
ii真题举隅
1. Agriculture is the country's chief source of wealth, wheat______by far the biggest cereal crop. （北京第二外国语学院 2011年真题）
A. is
B. been
C. be
D. being
2. The experiment requires more money than______．（北京第二外国语学院 2011年真题）
A. have been put in
B. being put it
C. to be put in
D. has been put in
3. All______of the world carry on breeding experiments to increase yield or to improve disease resistance.（北京第二外国语学院 2010年真题）
A. countries that grow wheat
B. growth of wheat countries
C. wheat-producing countries
D. countries where wheat is grown
4. In the type of______radio receivers, a signal is transmitted upward or downward in frequency. （北京第二外国语学院 2010年真题）
A. used mixer in
B. mixer used
C. used in a mixer
D. mixer used in
5.______,the white mountain goat is an extremely sure-footed animal that escapes from its predators by living in the most rugged, rocky landscapes.（对外经济贸易大学 2009年真题）
A. Having been rarely seen
B. Rarely to be seen
C. Rarely seen
D. Being rarely seen
6. “Without warning,” (A) he would say, “I was somehow (B) lifted out of the universe and thrown into a mysterious B
world, with blinding lights and strangely shaped objects (C) that I have never seen (D) before....”（北京航空航天大学2008年真题）
7. In the next few weeks consumer's spending will increase by 7% in America,______with last year, according to a consumer survey by Deloitte，a consultancy.（对外经济贸易大学2007年真题）
A. comparing
B. compared
C. to compare
D. having compared
8. Mrs. Clark,______in a black woolen cardigan and dark grey trousers, appealed for privacy so that she could rebuild her and her family's lives. (dress)（四川外国语大学2007年真题）
9. It's a shame______able to give them any advice.（北京第二外国语学院2007年真题）
A. not to have been B. to have not been C. to have been not D. to not have been
10.改错： The teacher was very pleased that next morning, all the students showed up at the agreed time.（南京大学2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：农业是该国的主要收入来源，小麦目前是其最主要的粮食作物。本句考查独立主格结构。Agriculture is the country's chief source of wealth是主系表结构，为句子主干，因为后面内容与主干内容缺少衔接手段，因此后面为补充说明，动词需要用非谓语动词形式，这里使用现在分词 being, 故D为答案。
2.译文：该实验需要的资金多于已经投入的数额。本句中的 than是连词，引导比较状语从句，该从句中的主语 money省略， than后面需要填入谓语动词。四个选项中 A和 D有谓语动词， B和 C是非谓语动词形式，故直接排除 B和 C。因为 money是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，故 D为答案。
3.译文：所有粮食生产国都进行种植试验，以求提高产量或改善病虫害。本句考查复合词作形容词充当定语。虽然 A从语法说也没有错误，但是句意太绝对，此题强调粮食生产国，不是所有生长粮食的国家。故本题答案为 C。
4.译文：用于收音机中的混频器使一个信号在频率的作用下上下传递。mixer“混频器”,used in radio receivers是后置定语修饰 mixer，本题答案为 D。
5.译文：白山羊是一种极其矫健的动物，它可以生活在最崎岖、最多岩石的地区以躲避天敌，因此人们现在很少能看到它们。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步等，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致。本句中分词状语表示的是结果，因此应用完成时，故本题答案为 A。
6.without warning→without being warned。此句主语是 I, without是非谓语动词结构，其中的动词形式应根据其与主语的关系确定，此句说的是“我没有受到任何警告”，表示被动意义，所以应该用被动形式。所以答案选 A。
7.译文：根据 Deloitte咨询公司做的一项消费者调查，与去年相比，美国消费者未来几个星期的支出会比去年同期增长 7%。本句主语是 consumer's spending，被拿来和去年进行比较，是被动含义，须用过去分词作状语。所以答案是B。
8.译文：克拉克夫人穿着羊毛衫和深灰色的裤子，呼吁保护隐私，以此重新开始她和家人的生活。本句主干是 Mrs. Clark appealed for privacy...因此,dress不能作谓语，而应填其过去分词形式dressed，表示穿着状态，作伴随状语。
9.译文：当时没能给他们什么建议太可惜了。It's a shame to do sth．是比较常见的不定式结构，意为“……太可惜了”。本句考查的是不定式完成时的否定形式，应该是 not to have done。
10.本题考查的是分词结构做独立主格表示原因，所以把 showed up 改成 showing up。
从句的考查主要是对状语从句、定语从句和名词从句的考查。
i考点分析
从句的考查主要是对状语从句、定语从句和名词从句的考查。
一、状语从句
状语从句的考查，主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此，在准备状语从句时，主要任务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。
1.时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的连词主要有： when, whenever, while, as, once, by the time, before, after,since, till/until, as soon as，no sooner...than, hardly/scarcely...when。
有关时间状语从句考生应注意以下要点：
1) when的特殊句式。考试中常常出现。即when意为：at that time/then译作：正在此时。这时when前常有逗号。考生应特别注意。例如：
I was about to leave, when something happened which attracted my attention.
2)注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型，例如：It won't be long before...
It won 't be long before 可以有 3个变体，即：
It was ( not) + 一段时间 + before...
It won 't be +一段时间 + before...
It may be + 一段时间 + before...
例如： Scientists say it may be five or ten years______it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A. since
B. before
C. after
D. when
另外一个句型是：It has been/is...+一段时间 +since...：自从……以来已经（多长时间了）。
3)要注意 no sooner...than, hardly/scarcely ... when 引导的时间状语从句的搭配和时态。它表示一个动作刚刚结束，另一个动作就开始了。主句一般用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。no sooner, hardly/scarcely放在句首，主句主谓要倒装。
4)除上述常用的连接副词外，有些名词也可以引出时间状语从句，且常常出现在考试中。如： the moment, the instant,the minute, each time, last time, next time 等。
2.原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词主要有： because, since, as, now that, considering（that）, seeing（that）， in that 。其中 in that，now that, since曾反复出现在考题中，考生应该引起注意。此外considering that和 seeing that也应引起注意。另外考生也应该适当地注意 because, since , as的区别 : because重在强调原因，所以以 why提问的句子必须用 because回答。since表示已知的原因，所以常译为：既然……。
例如：Since you are leaving tomorrow, let's have dinner together this evening。as表示很明显的原因，其语气最弱。
例如： As he was in a hurry, he left her key at home.
3.条件状语从句
常用的引导条件状语从句的连词主要有： if, unless, provided (that); on condition that; so/as long as; suppose/supposing; in case, once 等。其中 so/as long as时常出现在考题中。 unless, in case, provided, suppose引导的从句考生也应该注意。
4.让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词有： though, although, as, even though, even if, for all, while, no matter + 疑问词（no matter how/when等）和疑问词 + ever 。(例如：however/whatever等 )其中考生应该特别注 for...all。另外还应该注意：as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构，其后的名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等要提到句首。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。
如：Child as he is, he behaves like an adult. Fail as he did, he didn't give up easily.
Much as I tried, I still failed to pass the TEM4.
5.结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有： so...that..., such...that, so that, so much so that 。其中“so much so that”结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示“到如此程度以至于……” ,是考题中常出现的。
例如：He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk.
He longs to go abroad, so much so that he dreams about it every night.
6.目的状语从句
常考的引导目的状语从句的连词有： so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that 。其中in case, for fear that ,lest引出的从句常用虚拟语气。
例如：Everyone carried a gun with them while they were crossing the woods lest they should be attacked by wild animals.
7.地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词有： where，wherever 。地点状语从句很简单，要求同学们做到的就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。例如：
I have kept the portrait______I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days
in London.
A. which
B. where
C. whether
D. when
8.方式状语从句
考试中涉及方式状语从句的 ,用来引导方式状语从句的连词主要有: as 和 as if/though 。另外名词 the way 也可以用来引导方式状语从句。
例如：Do it the way I told you.
二、定语从句
定语从句的考查主要有以下几个方面。
1.关系词的选择
总的说来关系词的选择一要看先行词，二要看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如： the same...as, such...as 。当看到先行词前有 the same或 such修饰时，可直接从选项中找出 as，选择就变得比较简单了。关于关系词的选择考生应该注意以下几点:
1)在涉及关系词在句中做定语时，同学们应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。做定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较： the car whose window is broken; the car the window of which is broken; the car of which the window is broken
例如：A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,______were surprising.
A. as result
B. which results
C. the results of it
D. the results of which
此题就属于 the window of which这种形式。如考生能熟练掌握这些变体，则很容易做选择，此题答案为 D。另外，先行词是人时，同样也可有这 3种形式，如：the boy whose mother is a teacher; the boy the mother of whom is a teacher; the boy of whom the mother is a teacher.当然考试中也有对一般形式的考查 ,只要能够看出关系词做定语修饰先行词，就不难判断下题的答案为 whose。
例如：Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,______overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
A. whose
B. which
C. that
D. what
2)“介词 +关系代词”中介词的选择往往是命题的要点，也是定语从句的难点。
“介词 + which /whom”主要有以下几种情况
a)介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如：表示“信任某人”要用“ have confidence in somebody”，所以作定语时，应该是：in whom...has confidence。
例如：We need a chairman______.
A. for whom everyone has confidence
B. in whom everyone has confidence
C. who everyone has confidence of
D. whom everyone has confidence on
b)“部分 + of +整体名词”的结构，该结构作关系词也就是“部分名词 + of which/whom”的结构。
例如：He invited a lot of friends to attend his birthday party, some of whom are his classmates.
另外，考生要注意这一结构的变体。即“of whom /which +部分名词”。例如:
The course normally attracts 20 students per year,______up to half will be from overseas.
A. in which B. for which C. with which D. of whom
此题也可以写成 up to half of whom。
c)另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词。例如：
Living in the western part of the country has its problems, obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A. with which
B. for which
C. of which
D. which
选项中只有C中的介词是表示最高级范围的，所以答案为C。D更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，例如：
She has written many novels popular with young people, of which this is an example.这里用of which源自结构：an example of the novels。
d)有时介词与先行词构成短语，例如：to which，源于to ...extent的短语搭配。此搭配在四级考试中出现过不止一次。
It is useful to be able to predict the extent______which a price change will affect supply and demand.
A. from
B. with
C. to
D. for
2. as引导的定语从句
1)在the same, such之后，引导限定性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
例如：I don't think he'll like to read such books as you recommended.
2) as单独引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中可指代名词、形容词短语或整个主句。
例如：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,______is often the case in other countries.
A. as
B. what
C. so
D. that
3) as引导定语从句常用句型有：
As (is) shown in…
As (is) expected…
As (has been) stated above…
As (is) well known…
例如:______might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.
A. As
B. That
C. It
D. What
3. but引导的定语从句（ no...but）
There is nobody but longs to communicate to others.
没有人不想与他人交流。
4.注意先行词表示时间、地点时，关系词的选用。
如果用 when, where引导定语从句，关系词在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用 which/ that等。
例如：
Beijing is the place I want to visit most. / Beijing is the place where I was born.
I will never forget the day we spent together. / I will never forget the day when we met the first time.
5.适当注意that和 which的区别。
that和which在指物时常可以替换，但在下列情况下一般都用that引出从句。
1)先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词最高级时，只能用that。
例如：The first thing (that) we should do is to make a plan.
This is one of the most exciting film (that) I have ever seen.
2) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little 等不定代词时 , 只能用that。
例如：Is there anything that I can do for you?
此外that不能引出非限定性定语从句。That亦不可作介词宾语。因此只能用介词 + which引出定语从句。
三、名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的考查主要集中在以下几点：
1.从句的语序为陈述语序。
例如：They are teachers and don't realize______to start and run a company.
A. what it takes
B. what takes it
C. what they take
D. what takes them
此句为 what引导的宾语从句，故应用陈述语序，从句中直接主语为不定式，it为形式主语，故选 A。
2.名词性从句的连词的选择。
名词性从句的连词中 what的使用最为广泛，考查得也最多。涉及 what连词的占 5/8。
例如：In some countries, is called“ equality”does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. one
3.连词 what为缩合连词。
相当于 all that/ everything that等，除 what以外， when, where, why也都可做缩合连词来用，考生也应引以注意。
4.注意 whoever与 who的差别。
whoever相当于 anyone who，而 who为疑问连词。但从考试来看，更倾向于 whoever与 whatever, whichever等的比较。也就是说，测试倾向于对句子的理解，而不只是语法规则的记忆。
例如：We agreed to accept______they thought was the best tourist guide.
A. whatever
B. whomever
C. whichever
D. whoever
选项在句中作主语，根据句意应选 D。
5.同位语从句一般以 that为连词者多。
这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容，连词 that没有任何词汇意义。
例如：There are signs______restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. that B. which C. in which D. whose
ii真题举隅
1. Although money is always useful, it isn't all______．（北京航空航天大学 2011年真题）
A. what there is to life
B. to which there is in life
C. that is in life
D. there is to life
2. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe______it provides the building blocks from which other elements are produced．（北京第二外国语学院 2009年真题）
A. so that
B. but that
C. in that
D. provided that
3. It was so inconceivable that he should have stolen the money______the suggestion was made that
he have been threatened．（北京航空航天大学 2009年真题）
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. but
4. He is______a basketball player．（对外经济贸易大学 2009年真题）
A. as good as if not better than his brother for
B. as good as，not better than his brother like
C. as good as if not better than his brother as for
D. as good as if not better than his brother as
5. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material______its home.（对外经济贸易大学 2008年真题）
A. builds
B. it can build
C. that it builds
D. with which to build
6. Essentially，a theory is an abstract，symbolic representation of______reality.（南开大学 2008年真题）
A. that is conceived
B. that is being conceived of
C. what it is conceived
D. what is conceived to be
7. Phenomenology emphasizes the subjective experience of the individual. It assumes that“existence precedes essence”．Where______is subjective experience and essence is human nature. (exist)（四川外国语学院 2007年真题）
8. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they______.（天津外国语学院 2007年真题）
9. One factor which distinguishes Bill Gates from the morning deliverer is the level of business success each desires to______. Determining what success means to you is a crucial element in the early stages of new venture planning.（上海交通大学 2006年真题）
10.改错：Content with the progress made in every field of study, the method of testing a student's knowledge and competence, however, still remains primitive.（清华大学 2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：尽管钱很重要，但它不是生活的全部。本句完整的说法应是 It isn't all that there is to life,由 that引导定语从句修饰前面的 all时，that可以省略。所以答案为 D。
2.译文：氢是宇宙中的基本元素，因为它提供产生其他元素的构造模块。句子后半句是前半句的原因，in that为复合连词，相当于 because，可以引导原因状语从句。因此答案为 C。provided that相当于 if，引导条件状语从句。
3.译文：他偷钱真是让人无法相信，以至于有人认为他可能是被威胁的。本句为 so...that...句型，主句结构为 it was so inconceivable that the suggestion was made，C为答案。A、B显然不符合句意，排除。因为前后句之前没有转折，所以排除D。
4.译文：就作为篮球运动员来说，不能说他比哥哥打得好，起码也是一样好。If not better than表示“即使不比……好”，是插入的成分，据此排除 B；去掉插入语后，整句话的完整结构应该是 He is as good as his brother as a basketball player. as...as是比较结构，其中第一个 as是副词，第二个是连词，而本句中最后一个 as是介词，意为“作为……”；as for意为“就……来说”，for“为……”，都不符句意，故答案为 D。
5.译文：海狸啃倒树木来获取食物和搭建窝的材料。build sth．with...意为“用……建造”，其中 which指代 material，作 with的宾语。故答案为D。
6.译文：从本质上来说，理论就是现实经过思考的抽象符号的表达。介词 of后缺宾语，这里填入的词既要作 of的宾语，又要在宾语从句中作主语，能够承担这种双重身份的只有 what, conceive为及物动词，意为“构思，以为”，sth．is conceived to be“某事被认为是……”，所以答案是 D。
7.本题前半句意为“现象学强调主观经验，认为存在先于本质”。紧接着，由 where引导的定语从句分别对 subjective experience和 human nature进行解释，所以与 essence相对应的词应该是名词 existence。
8.此处要求填入动词在 than引导的比较状语从句中作谓语。根据句意可知，革新就像踢足球，即便是最好的球员也有失手的时候，而且他们射门被挡回来的几率远比得分的几率高得多。score意为“射门得分”，符合句意。
9.each desires to...是定语从句修饰 business success，关系代词在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。根据从句结构及句意可知，该处需要填入一个及物动词，且含有“达到”之意，故填 reach。
10.本句是前后句子的主语不清楚。前句可以改成 As we are content...。
i考点分析
比较级的考查主要侧重于比较级的一些固定搭配和比较对象的一致性 ,具体如下：
1. 同级比较：as +形容词 /副词原级 + as +比较对象 ,否定形式为：not as/so +形容词 /副词原级+ as+比较对象。
2. 双重比较：the +比较级，the +比较级。
例如:The more you read the book, the more interesting you will find it.
3. 倍数比较：倍数 +比较级 + than;倍数 + as +形容词 /副词 + as ... ; ... times +表示量的名词 (size, length, height) + that of ...。
4. 如有比较对象的选择，应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。这也是比较级常考的考点。如： His English is better than anyone else's in his class.
5. 有些形容词本身就是比较级。如： superior to, inferior to, advantage over 等。还有些形容词没有比较级和最高级，如： perfect, complete 等。
ii真题举隅
1. —“That trumpet player was certainly loud.”
—“I wasn't bothered by his loudness______by his lack of talent.”（北京第二外国语学院 2009年真题）
A. as much as
B. rather than
C. as
D. than
2. Hot objects emit______do cold objects.
A. rays more than infrared
B. more infrared rays than
C. rays are more infrared than
D. more than infrared rays
3. Some historians believe that John Jay could have played______in America's history as James Madison.（对外经济贸易大学 2009年真题）
A. as an important role
B. as important a role
C. an important role as
D. a role as important
4. They designed______than a matchbox.（北京第二外国语学院 2008年真题）
A. no bigger a model
B. a no bigger model
C. a bigger model no
D. a model no bigger
5. The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than______.（北京第二外国语学院 2007年真题）
A. is necessary
B. being necessary
C. to be necessary
D. it is necessary
6. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact they invest______in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.（上海交通大学 2006年真题）
7.改错：The songs of Bob Dylan are very popular among young people, who regard him as superior than other musicians.(中山大学 2005年真题 )
8.改错：No other quality is more important for a scientist to acquire as the quality to observe carefully.
(中山大学 2005年真题）
9.改错：The paintings of this contemporary artist, like many artists, have been both applauded as great masterpieces and ridiculed as rubbish.(清华大学 2005年真题 )
10. As far as (A) I am concerned, his politics are (B) rather conservative compared (C) with other politicians (D) .(北京航天航空大学 2004年真题 )
答案与解析：
1.译文:“那个小号手声音真大。”“比起小号的音量，他的演奏水平更让我受不了。”考点：as much as结构。选项 A中 as much as是同级比较，其他选项均不符合题意。所以答案 A。
2.译文：温度高的物体比温度低的物体发出更多的红外线。考点：比较级。这里 more修饰的是名词，因此放在 infrared rays前面，变成 more infrared rays than，所以选择 B。
3.译文：一些历史学家相信在美国历史上约翰 ·杰伊本能够和詹姆斯 ·麦迪逊发挥同样重要的作用。考点：as...as...用法。as...as...意为“和……一样”，表示同级比较。其中，第一个 as为副词，第二个 as为连词，其基本结构为： as+ adj./ adv. +as。当 as... as中间有名词时把名词放在形容词后，第二个 as前面。根据此规则可知答案选 B。
4.译文：他们设计出了一个不过火柴盒那么大的模型。考点：语法。“no+形容词或副词的比较级 +than”结构表示对两个比较对象的否定。如 no better than意为“和……一样不好”。He is no taller than me.他同我一样不高。此句中，model作为 design的宾语，应该直接放在其后，而no bigger作为宾语补足语应该放在 model的后面，所以答案选 D。
5.译文：室内游泳池似乎也奢华得远远超出必要了。考点：语法。在形容词比较级 more...than+从句结构中， than是连接词，不在从句中充当成分，所以后面应该接完整的主谓结构，所以答案选 D。
6.while引导让步状语从句，所以下句应为“其在员工技能培训上的投资比日本或德国公司要少”，故填 less，与 than构成比较级。
7.把 than改为 to。Be superior to为固定搭配，意思是“比……优越”，to相当于than。
8.把as改为 than。因为该句是一个表示比较级含义的句子。
9.本题考查的是比较的概念，是the paintings of this contemporary artist与 the paintings of many artists相比较，所以在 many artists前加 those of或改为 many artists'。
10.将D项 other politicians改为 those of other politicians或 other politicians'。
i考点分析
综观全国英语专业考研基础卷，我们发现对固定搭配的测试在考试中占很大的比重，为此考生应该注意平时看书时的积累。
ii真题举隅
1. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to______my debt in return for certain services. （北京航空航天大学 2011年真题）
A. take away
B. cut out
C. write off
D. clear up
2. Much of the space in the National Gallery of Art is______paintings presented to the museum by Mellon.（首都师范大学 2010年真题）
A. divested of
B. devoid of
C. devoted to
D. consisted in
3. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf______of the telephone．（北京第二外国语学院 2009年真题）
A. than as the inventor
B. than inventing
C. the invention
D. as the inventor
4. The tall fellow over there is______the great mathematician, Bill Williams, himself.（对外经济贸易大学 2009年真题）
A. no other but
B. no one than
C. no other than
D. none other than
5. A body weighs______from the surface of the earth. （南开大学 2008年真题）
A. less the farther it gets
B. the farther it gets
C. less than it gets farther
D. less than the farther it gets
6. Just as it's more than OK to work overtime when it's appropriate, it's also more than OK to be alert______work that needs to be done.（上海交通大学 2007年真题）
A. at
B. to
C. towards
D. on
7. Many local authorities realize there is a need to make______for disabled people in the housing programs.（北京师范大学 2007年真题）
A. assistance
B. conditions
C. provision
8. The city is______of three sections, which are separated by rivers.（中国人民大学 2007年真题）
A. upset
B. valued
C. composed
D. ventured
9. For better or______, religion is the only human endeavor that successfully provides us with an all-encompassing model of the pattern which connects our individual lives to the complex regularities of this world, and by extension of the cosmos. (bad)（四川外国语大学 2007年真题）
10. Network users can search through sources______from vast database to small electronic “bulletin boards”, where users form discussion groups around common interests.（上海交通大学 2006年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：我很高兴地得知，作为对一些服务的回报，我的老板慷慨地同意将我的欠款一笔勾销。 take away“拿走，取走”；cut out“切断，删去”；write off“勾销，注销，报废”，可与 debt， account，arrangement搭配，表示勾销欠款，冲销账目或取消安排； clear up“清理，澄清，（天气）放晴”。根据句意，本题答案为 C。
2.译文：国家艺术博物馆里的一大部分空间都让位给了安德鲁·梅隆呈交的绘画。 be divested of“被解除……，被剥夺……”; be devoid of“毫无……的，没有……的（尤指品质）”；be devoted to“献身于……，致力于……”；而 consist in“在于”，不能用于被动。选项 C符合句意，故为答案。
3.译文： Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋人的老师，而非电话的发明者。would rather...than“宁愿……而不愿……”，than不能省略，表示在两者中进行选择,A符合题意，故为答案。
4.译文：站在那儿的那个高个子不是别人，正是大数学家比尔·威廉姆斯本人。表达“不是别的，正是……”的固定搭配是 none other than，所以 D为答案。
5.译文：物体距离地球表面越远就越轻。本句是 the more..., the more...的固定结构，正常语序为 the further it gets, the less a body weighs.本句中为了强调将后半句提前了，答案为 A。
6.译文：在需要的时候加班工作时很合适的，而同时关注其他需要做的事也很合适。 be alert to意为“对……警觉，关注”。另一个常用词组是 be on the alert“警备中，警觉中”。故选 B。
7.译文：许多当局都已经意识到，有必要为残疾人的住房问题提前采取措施。Make provision for“为……做准备；为……预先采取措施”，是固定搭配，其他选项不符合题意，故选 C。
8.译文：城市由三部分组成，中间有河流将它们分隔开。be composed of为固定搭配，意为“由……组成”，故选 C。upset“颠倒，推翻”；value“重视”；venture“冒险”。
9.译文：无论是好是坏，宗教是人类唯一一个成功的努力，它为我们提供了全面的、连接个体生活与世界乃至宇宙复杂规律的模型。 for better or worse为固定搭配，意为“无论怎样；无论是好是坏”。所以填 worse。
10.译文：上网的用户可以搜索大量的资源，从巨大的数据库到小型的电子公告板，在那里用户可以就共同兴趣建立讨论组。range from...to...为固定搭配，意为“从……到……（表示范围广）”。故填 ranging。
i考点分析
虚拟语气是一项非常重要的语法项目，在研究生入学考试中几乎每年都有涉及，虚拟语气的考点主要为以下几个方面：
1.固定搭配
1)表示“命令”、“建议”或“要求”的动词后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词用：should +动词原形。
2) It is + “(表示 ) 建议、命令、请求 ”的动词的过去分词 + that + (should) +动词原形。
3) It is + “(表示 ) 愿望、建议、命令、请求 ”的名词 + that + (should) +动词原形。
4) It is+形容词 + that+ should +动词原形。常用的形容词见下表。
It is time/about time/high time＋ that＋一般过去时
lest/in case/for fear＋ that＋ should＋原形动词
5) wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况：
a)表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时。
b)表示与现在正在进行的事实相反可用过去进行时。
c)表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用 could have done的形式。
d)表示将来不可能实现的情况用 would/might +动词原形。
6) would rather 后从句的虚拟语气形式只要记住以下规则即可：
a)如果表示当时未实现的愿望用过去时。
b)如果表示过去未实现的愿望则用过去完成时。
c)如果表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，用过去将来时。
7) if only 引导的从句意思是“要是……就好了”，“但愿……” ,因此需要用虚拟语气。 if only引导的从句的时态主要有以下 3种：
a)表示与现在的愿望或事实相反，谓语动词用过去时。
b)表示对过去发生的事情的遗憾，谓语动词用过去完成时。
c)表示将来的某种愿望时，谓语部分用“情态动词的过去时 +动词原形”。
8) as if 从句中的虚拟在 as if (though)引导的从句中，动词一般用虚拟语气：表示对现在的虚拟，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示对过去的虚拟，谓语动词用过去完成时；表示对将来的虚拟，谓语动词用“ would +动词原形”。
9)下列动词、形容词和名词后面的从句需要接虚拟语气结构：
2.虚拟条件句中时态的运用
1) if引导的非真实条件句中主句和从句时态的选择是虚拟语气最基本的知识，考生必须掌握。有关if引导的非真实条件句中主句和从句时态的选择，请参见下表。
2)常见的混合虚拟混合虚拟包括时态的混合和语气的混合，时态的混合常见如下：从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在正在进行的事实相反：
If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you______now.
A. wouldn't be smiling
B. couldn't have smiled
C. won't smile
D. didn't smile
根据题意答案为 A。
从句与现在事实相反，而主句与过去事实相反：
If you didn't speak English, the boss wouldn't have hired you.
总之，虚拟语气的时态选择一定熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。时态不变、语气交叉常见如下：
前一部分用虚拟，后一部分用 but, yet, however连接一个陈述句。
You should have taken part in yesterday's activities, but you didn't.
前一部分为陈述句，然后用 or , or else , otherwise连接一个虚拟句。
I have been away on business for nearly a month; otherwise I would have got your letter much earlier.
条件从句使用虚拟，主句用祈使句：
Should she come earlier than planned, please let me know as soon as possible.
条件从句用虚拟，主句用陈述句：
If this instrument should fail to give satisfaction, we guarantee to refund the purchase money.
3.含蓄虚拟
含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句相同。
4.if引导的非真实条件句中的省略问题
如果 if从句中有 were/had /should等可提至句首，省略 if。
ii真题举隅
1. The policeman is demanding that the thief______the crime.（对外经济贸易大学 2011年真题）
A. confess
B. must confess
C. to confess
D. confessed
2. I waited ages for you—you______have said that you weren't coming! （西安外国语大学 2009年真题）
A. must
B. may
C. could
D. would
3. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical value______by the time they were finished.（北京第二外国语学院 2009年真题）
A. could lose
B. would have lost
C. might lose
D. ought to have lost
4. They______so tired if they______for a whole day.（北京第二外国语学院 2008年真题）
A. wouldn't feel; didn't walk
B. wouldn't feel; weren't walking
C. wouldn't be feeling; weren't walking
D. wouldn't be feeling; hadn't been walking
5. I suggested that (A) , in order to prove him a somewhat competent (B) student, he had (C) another try at answering (D) the question. （北京航空航天大学 2008年真题）
6. I'd rather you would go (A) by train, because I can't bear (B) the idea of your being (C) in an airplane in such (D) bad weather. （北京航空航天大学 2007年真题）
7. These large circulations (A) made it (B) feasible to offer articles for sale (C) that formerly would not warrant (D) advertising expense.（上海交通大学 2006年真题）
8.______, he would've finished the work all by himself.（北京第二外国语学院 2006年真题）
A. Giving him enough time
B. Given him enough time
C. To give him enough time
D. Had he been given enough time
9.改错：If there will be a storm at the time of the football game next week, the organizers will have to call it off. （清华大学 2005年真题）
10.改错：The government deems it essential that people are psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market-orientated economy. （北京航空航天大学 2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：警察要求该盗贼供认所犯罪行。谓语动词 demand后面所接的宾语从句形式为“ ( should)+ do”，故 A正确。
2.译文：我等了你好久，你本来可以说你不来的。本题考查的是虚拟语气。表示与过去的事实相反，could用来表示过去的能力、可能性或允许，would一般表示愿望请求或建议。故选 C。
3.译文：数百万次的计算如果用手工操作，那么，到计算结束的时候，就将失去其全部实际意义。句子中 had they been done by hand实际上是一个省略 if的条件句，相当于 if they had been done by hand，用来表示一个虚拟的条件，故后面应该用虚拟语气；因为同过去的事实相反，所以主句中的虚拟语气应用 would+ have+过去分词，因此答案为 B。
4.译文：如果不是已经走了一整天，他们现在也不会觉得这么疲惫。本题考查了虚拟语气和现在进行时两个语法点。本句是对现在情况的假设，所以从句中使用过去时，主句中由 would/ should+动词原形；同时，主句用进行时强调当时的感受，从句用完成进行时强调一直在做，因此答案为 D。
5.将C项 had改为 have，因为 suggest后的宾语从句应该用虚拟语气，should+do或者是直接加动词原形。
6. A项 would go改为 went。would rather后的从句应该用虚拟语气 would rather sb did。
7.将 D项 warrant改为 have warranted。句子用过去时态，根据句中的 formerly可知 that引导的从句应使用虚拟语气，表示对过去动作的虚拟。
8.本题考查的是对过去事件的虚拟语气，因为分句省略了if而且表达的是被动含义，所以选择 D。
9.本题考查虚拟语气的用法。对将来动作进行虚拟时，主句使用 would+动词原形，从句可以使用 should+动词原形或 were to+动词原形或动词过去式。所以改进后的句子为：If there should be a storm at the time of the football game next week, the organizers would have to call it off.
10.解析 essential后面的从句需要接 (should) do结构，所以应把 are改为 should be或 be。
i考点分析
关于平行结构考生应该注意以下几点：
1.要求前后对称的词语，包括所有并列连词，其中最常见的是 for, and, nor , but , or, yet, so 等等。此外，还有 both... and, neither ... nor, not only... but also ,以及表示比较的词语 than, as ... as , not so ... as, prefer ... to, rather than 等。
2.在对称结构中，要确保各种并列词语在句式语法形式上的一致，比如或者都是名词，或者都是形容词；或者都是不定式，或者都用动名词；防止破坏对称性的现象发生。
3.例外情况有两种：一是表示方位的副词和介词短语可以并列，二是如果某个动词没有相应的名词形式，可用动名词代替。
ii真题举隅
1. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf______of the telephone. （北京第二外国语学院 2009年真题）
A. than as the inventor
B. than inventing
C. the invention
D. as the inventor
2. He has taken honors (A) courses throughout his tenure at his suburban high school, has already qualified for (B) advance placement in (C) two subjects and expects to qualify for (D) several others.（上海交通大学 2005年真题）
3. It was the best of times (A) , the worst of times (B) ; it was the age of wisdom (C) ; it was the age of foolish (D) .（上海交通大学 2005年真题）
4.改错：All the students understand the gist of the passage on a familiar topic much better than unfamiliar topic.（南京大学 2005年真题）
5. Computer technology makes it possible (A) to store vast amounts of (B) data in machine-readable files, and program (C) computers to locate (D) specific information.（北京航空航天大学 2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：Alexander Graham Bell曾经告诉过家人，他更希望自己是作为一个聋哑教师而不是作为电话的发明者而流芳百世。考点：would rather...than与平行结构。根据前文的 would rather可排除 C和 D，than前后应该是并列的成分，再根据句意，与 as a teacher of the deaf并列的是 as the inventor of the telephone。故选 A。
2.本句 to qualify for several others是对应前面的 qualified for advance placement in two subjects，所以 qualify for several others如果扩展开的话应该是 : qualify for advance placement in several others。从平行角度分析，D项介词 for应该改为 in，这样可以与前面介词保持平行结构关系。
3.本题考查的是平行原则，介词后面接的都是名词，只有 foolish是形容词，所以应把 D项 foolish改为 foolishness。
4.本题考查的是平行结构，在 unfamiliar topic前的介词 on被省略，所以应该加上 on以保持平衡。
5.makes it possible后接两个不定式，C项 and program中间须加to与第一个动词不定式保持平行。
i考点分析
1．有关动词时态的考点
1)对于时态的考查有两种：一种是时态本身的选择（主要是根据时间状语判断时态的选择），另一种是根据时态选择时间状语，如：
Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it______necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
A. would be
B. has been
C. had been
D. would have been
本题判断时态的关键是时间状语 before ... in 1949（before +表示过去的时间状语），由此可以判断出谓语动词表示的动作发生在过去某个时间 (1949）以前，故用过去完成时。应选 C。
He came back late,______which time all the guest had already left.
A. after
B. by
C. at
D. during
从句时态为过去完成时，表示：等到他回来，客人都已经离开了，与完成时态连用的，表示“到……为止 ”的应该是介词 by。所以选 B。
2)完成时的时间状语
完成时的时间状语一般表示“到……为止”，以 by短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由 by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般是用完成时态，其中，如 by后面的短语表示将来的时间，谓语动词需用将来完成时；如果为表示过去的时间短语，则用过去完成时；如果是表示现在的时间短语，则需用现在完成时。例如：
By the time we got there, the train had already left.
By the end of this month, we will have learned five lessons.
I have finished reading three chapters by now.
3)注意时间、条件和让步状语从句中时态的运用。
在一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来发生的事或主语所处的状态。
4)祈使句 + and /or +句子，这一结构中，and后面的句子的谓语动词用一般将来时。例如：
Turn on the television, and you will see advertisements.
2.被动语态中需要注意的问题
1)有些动词的主动形式表示被动，其中又要特别注意“动名词的主动形式表示被动意义”。
例如：My recorder needs repairing.
What a lovely party! It's worth______all my life.
A. to be remembered
B. being remembered
C. to remember
D. remembering
此题考查的是动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。故选 D。
2)不定式的主动形式表示被动。例如：
I am to blame.
I have nothing to complain.
3)动词 +副词结构，主动表被动。例如：
The books sell well.
The pen writes well.
The car drives easily.
4)动词 +形容词结构，主动表被动。例如：
The foods taste delicious.
ii真题举隅
1. Maria hasn't begun working on her Ph.D.______working on her master's.（对外经济贸易大学2009年真题）
A. still because she is yet
B. yet as a result she is still
C. yet because she is still
D. still while she is already
2. When it was published in 1959, Robert Frank's book, The Americans,______hostility in the United States.（北京第二外国语学院 2008年真题）
A. is meeting the
B. has been met
C. was met with
D. will meet it
3. If you want your film to properly process (A) , you'll have to wait and pick it up (B) on Friday, which (C) is (D) the day after tomorrow.（北京航空航天大学 2007年真题）
4. The universities have______the intellectual pioneers of our civilization-the priests, the lawyers, the statesmen, the doctors, the men of science, and the men of letters. (train)（四川外国语大学 2007年 真题）
5. He could exactly recall when (A) the thought occurred to (B) him, because it was clear he had more than once considered suggesting to (C) the boy that he go out (D) with Miriam.（上海交通大学 2007年真题）
6. On that rainy night，John told his father that the lock on the door______loose.（北京第二外国语学院
2006年真题）
A. was felt
B. felt like
C. was feeling
D. felt
7.______ when she started complaining.（中国人民大学 2006年真题）
A. Not until he arrived
B. No sooner had he arrived
C. Hardly had he arrived
D. Scarcely did he arrive
8. Before string theory ______the full attention of the theoretical physics community, the most popular unified theory was an eleven dimensional theory of supergravity, which is supersymmetry combined with gravity. (win)（四川外国语大学 2006年真题）
9.改错：The bill has been presented to every Congress since 1878 but continually failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.（中山大学 2005年真题）
10.改错：If there will be a storm at the time of the football game next week, the organizers will have to call it off.（清华大学 2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：因为玛丽亚没有读完硕士研究生课程，所以还没开始攻读博士学位。考点：现在完成时态常用的标志性词汇，逻辑关系。yet常常出现在表示现在完成时态的句子当中，意为“还，仍然”，still无此用法。所以 A和 D选项可以排除。此外，根据此句前后关系 Maria hasn't begun working on her PH.D“玛丽亚还没有开始攻读博士学位”与 working on her master's degree“从事硕士研究生学习”可知，后者是导致前者的原因，所以应该用 because。所以答案选 C。
2.译文：Robert Frank的书《美国人》 1959年出版时，在美国遭到了敌意。本题考查谓语的时态。根据年份 1959可确定谓语动词用一般过去时；be met with意为“遭遇，遭到”，符合题意。因此答案为 C。
3.将 A项 properly process改为 be properly processed。胶卷 film是被冲洗，所以应该用被动语态。
4.大学已经培养了人类文明睿智的先驱，如神父、律师、政治家、医生以及科学和文学领域工作者。根据 have可知，此处是完成时，故应该填入 train的过去分词形式 trained。
5.occur to这个动作发生在 recall之前，因此用过去完成时态，所以将 B项改为 had occurred to。
6.译文：下雨那天晚上，约翰告诉他的父亲门锁松动了。感官动词 feel，smell，taste，sound，look直接加形容词作表语，不用被动句，不加介词 like，表示通常存在的一种状态，用一般时态，因此答案为 D。
7.译文：她一到便开始抱怨。本题考查连词结构。 No sooner...than...；hardly/ scarcely... when...都可表示“一……就……”，但需要注意主句要用过去完成时，从句用一般时态，因此答案为 C。
8.译文：在超弦理论得到物理理论学界的充分重视之前，统一的最流行的理论是十一维超引力理论，即超对称性和万有引力的结合。Before引导的从句表示过去发生的事，用动词过去式。答案填 won。
9.本题考查的是时态错误，根据 since 1878可知这是一个过去的概念，前面的 has been应改为 had been。
10.if引导的是条件状语从句，从句应该使用一般现在时态，所以 will be应改为 is。
i考点分析
倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的比分不大。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，但就考试来讲重点是部分倒装。
1.通常要求全部倒装的情况
1)当 there, here, then, thus等副词置于句首 ,谓语动词为 come, go, jump, rush, exist, lay, follow, arise, be等不及物动词或系动词，且主语不是代词时，往往要求全部倒装。
例如：There stands a monument in the center of the square.
2)做状语的地点副词和地点介词 on , down, out, at等短语置于句首，通常用全部倒装。
例如：On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.
2.通常要求部分倒装的情况
1)含有否定意味的词置于句首，句子倒装。常用的含有否定意味的词有： hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only...but also..., neither... nor... 等。例如：
Not until the game had begun ______ at the sports ground.
A. had he arrived
B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive
D. should he have arrived
2)“ only +状语置于句首”，句子倒装。
Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。
如：Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.
3) so /neither 置于句首，句子倒装，表示“也 /也不……”。例如：
I could not persuade him to accept it, ______make him see the importance of it.
A. if only I could not
B. no more than I could
C. or I could not
D. nor could I
4)现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成“分词 + be +主语 +其他”的倒装句式。例如：
Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.
Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium.
5) so/such...that...句型中，so +形容词 /副词提前，句子倒装。例如：
So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.
Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.
ii真题举隅
Nowhere but (A) in Europe we have seen (B) the results so clearly, which (C) really have surprised us all (D) .（北京航空航天大学 2005年真题）
B。本句的句首是否定词 no where，所以本句要倒装，把 have放到 we之前。
i考点分析
在英语专业考研基础卷中对情态动词的测试所占比重很小，所以考生大体上了解以下几点就足够了。
1.情态动词的基本用法
1) can
表示能力、客观可能性、允许；表示惊讶、怀疑、不信任（主要用于否定、疑问或感叹句中）；could作为can的过去时，除了具有与 can相同的用法以外，还可以用于比较委婉客气地提出请求、疑问或陈述看法。这种用法在时态上与 can没有差别。
2) may
表示允许、可能性、或许会，询问一件事可不可以做，may还可以表示祝愿。may as well表示“不妨”用来提出建议。例如：
If you don't like to swim, you ______stay at home.
A. should as well
B. may as well
C. can as well
D. would as well
might是 may的过去式，比 may更客气、委婉。但 might的可能性比 may更小。
3) must
意为：必须做某事，它的否定意思为：禁止，不允许等。
4) ought to
意为：应该做某事（暗示有责任，有义务去做某事）。
5) need
用作情态动词意为：需要，有必要。主要用于否定句和疑问句。
6) dare
作为情态动词，其基本含义为：敢于……。主要用于否定、疑问和条件句。
7) shall
表示承诺、规定、命令、威胁和决心等。此外 shall用于第一人称或第三人称疑问句，表示征求对方的意见。
特殊：
a) Shall be doing...
b) The government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.
8) will
用作情态动词的 will可用于各个人称，表示“意志、意愿、习惯和预测”等等。在疑问句中用于第二人称时，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问。
Will you please pass me the water? would作为 will的过去式，与 will的用法和意义相同。只是在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问时语气更委婉。
9) might as well 不妨，倒不如。
2.情态动词表示推测的用法
情态动词表示推测的用法是考试中常常出现的，考生应该重点掌握。在情态动词的推测性用法中， must, can, could, may, might各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为：must只用于肯定句中； can/could不能用于肯定句中； may/might不能用于疑问句中；另外还应注意 can't表示“不可能”，may not表示“可能不”。考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该用 must, can't，而不是 may, may not。情态动词表示推测的用法具体如下：
1)“can't+动词原形”表示对现在发生的事情的否定推测。意为：不可能。“can't + have +过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情的否定推测。例如：
The room is in a terrible mess; it ______cleaned.
A. can't have been
B. shouldn't have been
C. mustn't have been
D. wouldn't have been
如果强调对正在发生的事情的不肯定的判断，可以用“ can't +动词的进行式”。
2)“may +动词原形”表示对现在发生的事情的不大肯定的推测，“may + have +过去分词”表示谈论过去的某种可能性，且这种可能性现在还存在，意为：“或许已经”，“可能已经”。例如：Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we ______during the day.
A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done
如果强调对正在发生的事的不大肯定的推测，可以用“may+动词的现在进行式”。
3)“must +动词原形”表示对现在发生的事情的肯定的推测。意为：一定…… ;准是……。 “must+ have +过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。同样“ must +动词的现在进行时”强调对现在正在进行的事情的肯定的推测。
3.注意：有些“情态动词 +have +过去分词”并不表示推测
1)“could have done”用于虚拟语气表示本来能够做某事而没做，表示惋惜、委婉的批评。
Some women ______a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. would make
B. must make
C. could have made
D. should have made
2)“ might + have +过去分词”用于虚拟语气表示：本来可以……而没…… ,含有“劝告 ”，“责备”的意思。
3)“should + have +过去分词”表示 :本应该做……而没做……。其否定式表示：本不应该做……而做了。例如：
You ______him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldn't follow
B. mustn't follow
C. couldn't have been following
D. shouldn't have been following
4)“ought to + have +过去分词”同“ should + have +过去分词”，其否定式同“ shouldn't +have +过去分词”。
5)“needn't + have +过去分词 ”表示：本不必做而做了的事。
ii真题举隅
1. Sharon was supposed to be here at nine o'clock, she ______about our meeting.（南开大学 2007年真题）
A. would have forgotten
B. should have forgotten
C. ought to have forgotten
D. must have forgotten
2. According to Habermas the move from Capitalism to Communism (if it occurs), will ______as a result of reason and communicative action. (occur)（四川外国语大学 2007年真题）
3. You ______hurt his feelings by saying that, even if you thought it.（西安外国语大学 2006年真题）
A. didn't need to
B. needn't to
C. hadn't needed to
D. needn't have
4. I ought to ______them about the news, but I forgot to do so.（北京第二外国语学院 2006年真题）
A. remember telling
B. remember having told
C. have remembered to tell
D. have remembered telling
5. Whether an individual ______from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance. (survival)（四川外语大学 2006年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：Sharon本应九点到这里，她肯定已经忘记了我们的会议。must have done表示对过去事情的猜测，表示某动作肯定已经发生了。因此答案为 D。
2.译文：哈贝马斯认为如果资本主义过渡到共产主义（如果发生的话），那么它就是推理和交流的结果。本句中缺少谓语动词，又因前面有情态动词 will，故填入 occur的原形。
3.句意：即使你真的那样认为，你也不需要说出来伤害他的情感。 need在句中为情态动词，主句表示已经发生的事情，用完成时态。所以答案是 D。
4.本题考查两个语法点：(1)情态动词 ought to have done（应该做但没做）；(2) remember后接不定式表示动作没有发生。所以选 C。
5.译文：一个人究竟能否年复一年地活下去在极大程度上取决于运气：survival是名词，而这里需要动词作谓语，且根据句意可知，还应加上情态动词 can，故应填入 can survive。
i考点分析
综观全国英语专业考研的基础卷，介词的使用占一定的比例，试题不仅测试介词的常用搭配而且也考介词的活用，所以，介词的使用应引起考生的注意。
ii真题举隅
1. We are going to go ______.（北京第二外国语学院 2009年真题）
A. in France in John's
B. in France by John's
C. to France in John's
D. to France by John's
2. He is ______a basketball player.（对外经济贸易大学 2009年真题）
A. as good as if no better than his brother as
B. as good as, not better than his brother like
C. as good as if not better than his brother as for
D. as good as if not better than his brother as
3. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner ______to the professor. （北京第二外国语学院 2007年真题）
A. as far as
B. the same as
C. as much as
D. as long as
4. Trying to achieve your goals (A) without an action plan is like trying to drive throughout (B) unfamiliar roads to a distant city. The wasted (C) time, energy and money will probably cause you to give up before (D) very long.（上海交通大学 2007年真题）
5. This hardy (A) plant has no tap root, but it can draw nutrients from a large volume of earth because it (B) pushes its roots outward and downward into the soil, sometimes as well (C) as six or seven feet from (D) the base. （上海交通大学2006年真题）
6. The men who wrote (A) the United States Constitution did the best (B) they could on the face of (C) circumstances which confronted them at the time (D) . （北京航空航天大学 2005年真题）
7. The bad news, according to James B. Hunt Jr., a former governor of (A) North Carolina and chair of (B) the center's board of (C) directors, is that the improvements“have not been reflected on (D) higher college enrollment or completion rates in most states.”（上海交通大学 2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：我们打算去法国，住在约翰家。考点：介词的用法。go to someplace表示“去某处”，in sb.'s意为“在某人家里”，所以选择 C。
2.译文：作为一个篮球运动员，即使他没有哥哥优秀，也和哥哥一样好。根据四个选项结合题干可推知此题意为“作为一个篮球运动员，他即使没有哥哥优秀，也和哥哥一样好。”选项 A中 no better than意为“和……一样好”，不符合题意；B选项缺少连词 if，不能体现前后逻辑关系，所以排除。“作为一个篮球运动员”只用介词 as即可，后面不需加 for。所以答案选 D。
3.译文：语言属于社会的每个成员，无论是清洁工还是教授都是一样的。 C选项 as much as意为“同……一样”，后面可接介词短语，而其他三个选项都不能接介词短语。
4.B选项 throughout作介词意为“到处”，所以应该改为 through“穿过”。
5.根据后面的介词 from可知，此处应是 as far as“远达……”，所以 C项 well改为 far。
6.本题考查的是不同介词放在名词 face前的用法。 on the face of意思是“在……的表面”；in the face of意思是“面对（困难、挫折、灾难等）”。本句考查的是 in the face of用法，所以把 on改为 in。
7.短语 sth. is reflected in sth.意思是“某事在某方面得到反映”，而 reflect on的意思是“思考，反思”，在本句中 D项介词 on应改为 in。
i考点分析
一致原则包括主谓一致问题和数的一致以及修饰成分与被修饰成分之间要一致等原则。在考试中涉及得不多，但却是一项基本的语法规则。
1.注意邻近一致原则：
1)由 or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also... 连接的词作主语时，谓语动词的形式要与靠近它的主语一致。例如：
Neither the teacher nor the students are going to the class today.
Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.
Not only you but also I am to blame.
特殊：
Together with; as well as; in addition to; followed by等，对主语的数量不产生影响。
2)在 there, here 引导的句子中，如有若干个主语，则谓语与邻近的主语一致。例如：
There was a dictionary, some books and several albums on the bookshelf.
Here are a few envelops, a pen and some paper in the drawer.
特殊：
There appears 20 people.
2.用作主语时，谓语用单数：
1) either, neither, one, each (of) , every (of) 作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted.
Neither is satisfactory. Either of these buses goes past the university.
2) everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, someone, somebody, one of, anything, everything, nothing, what, whoever 等词后面，动词用单数。
3)动词不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但 and连接上述结构时动词用复数。
例如：Singing and dancing are their greatest pleasure.
4)国家、机构、书刊、事件等的名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
The United Nations was founded in 1945.
The Thirty-Nine Steps was written by John Buchan.
3.作主语时谓语动词用复数：
1) both/few/many/several/a number/the majority of等结构作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。
2)用 and和 both...and...连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般多用复数。但注意：当并列主语指的是一个人或一个事物时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Ice-cream and cake is what she wants after dinner.
3)当两个单数名词前都有 the时，谓语动词多用复数。
The manager and the secretary of the firm are very able men.
但是：The editor and publisher of the newspaper is a very able man. (指同一个人 )
4)某些集合名词（如： few, people, the rest, cattle, police 等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
5) a great many, a good many, a number of 等短语修饰复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。但是，many a要修饰单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Many a student wants to apply for the scholarship.
6)在正式语体中，“ one of those + 复数名词 ”之后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数。例如：
Jane is one of those persons who always think they are right.
但是，当 one之前有 the only等词修饰时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。例如：
She is the only one of the girls who is willing to take a make-up examination.
4.作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数又可以用复数：
1) family, army, class, crowd, herd, public, group, party, committee, company, government, group, team 等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于它们的意义。当它们表示不可分割的整体时，用单数；但当它们强调集体中的各个成员时，用复数。例如：
Class Two is having English class.
Class Two are playing on the sports ground.
2) Chinese, Japanese, English, French 等词指语言时，用单数；指人民时用复数。
3)时间、金钱、距离、体积等名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
例如：Twenty dollars is too expensive.
但如果它们表示具体的、个别的单位，谓语动词用复数。
例如：The last two years have been very difficult for us.
4)一些以–ics结尾的词作主语表示“学科领域”时，谓语动词用单数。用来表示具体的“行为”“观、点”、“数字”时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
Statistics is a field of study.
The statistics in the report are accurate.
ii真题举隅
1. The Shakers, an American religious community, ______in furniture design and herbal medicine.（北京第二外国语学院 2008年真题）
A. was a pioneer
B. is a pioneer
C. were pioneers
D. are a pioneer
2. The New Historicists in America and their ______in Britain, the“Cultural Materialists”，have produced a substantial body of work on Renaissance literature and society．（天津外国语学院 2006年真题）
A. counterparts
B. dichotomies
C. allegiances
D. antagonists
3.______the Foreign Minister but the Prime Minister too.（中国人民大学 2006年真题）
A. They not only saw
B. They saw not only
C. Not only did they see
D. Not only they saw
4.改错：Two hundred and ninety-nine pounds are too unreasonable a price for such a shabby second-hand bike.（中山大学 2005年真题）
5.“At a time where (A) we should be encouraging eligible students to attend (B) college, we are making it more difficult for potential (C) students and their families,”Hunt said in (D) a statement announcing the report.
（上海交通大学 2005年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：震颤教派是美国的一个宗教团体，他们在家具设计和草药方面首屈一指。本题考查谓语动词的时态以及主谓一致问题：虽然主语 The Shakers是复数形式，但是从它的同位语 an American religious community可以看出，它被看成了一个整体，所以谓语动词也用单数形式，同时，这句话是一个客观事实，所以用一般现在时，因此答案为 B。
2.译文：美国的新历史主义者和他们的英国同行文化物质主义者，为文艺复兴文学创作出大量作品，为社会生活做出了巨大贡献。根据上下文可知，句中空格应为人或物，且 and前后内容在形式上和意思上要形成并列，故 counterparts“对等之人或物”，A为答案。dichotomies“一分为二，对分”；allegiances“忠诚，拥护”；antagonists“对手，敌手”。
3.译文：他们不仅看到了外交部长，还看到了总理。本题考查 not only...but also...结构，注意该结构前后的平行性，句中 but (also)引出宾语成分，因此前句中 not only也应引出宾语，因此答案为 B。
4.本句的主语表达的是一个数的概念（ 299英镑），是单数概念，所以要把 are改成 is。
5.atatime是表达时间的概念，故其后面的修饰词应该是 when而不是 where,修改 A选项。
i考点分析
强调和省略在考试中出现得不多，但作为一个语法项目考生还是应该了解。强调和省略的考查主要有：
1.强调句的基本结构：
1)强调句的基本句型是 “It is (was) +所强调的成分 +that/who (whom)”，其中，所强调的成分小到一个词，大到一个从句均可。that视具体情况可由 who, whom替代，但是常见的还是 that ,注意不能误用 when , where来替代 that。例如：
It is your mother whom (that) I want to see. It was he who (that) told me the news.
It is because I love him that I can do everything for him.
2)上述强调句可以演变为 : It was not until that...; It was because...that...; It was only; after...that... 等句式。
3)强调句可以强调动词谓语以外的任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。动词谓语强调应用助动词。
2.有关省略，常见以下几种情况：
1)并列句中的省略在并列句中，后一个分句中与前一个分句相同的成分往往可以省略。
The news made some people happy, but (it made) some (other people) angry.
2)在复合句中的省略，比较状语从句中的省略。
I like English more than (I like) Spanish.
Most girl students are more diligent than boy students (are).
时间状语和条件状语从句中的省略。
You don't need to go there immediately if (it is) not urgent.
While (I was in) Beijing, I visited many historical sites.
If (it is) necessary, we will hold a meeting immediately.
3) way, place, reason, day等词后面的定语从句常可以省略关系代词或关系副词。
This is the place (where) I once lived.
The day (when) he was in London is unforgettable.
ii真题举隅
1.______ghost exists in the world. That's your illusion.（北京第二外国语学院 2008年真题）
A. No such a thing as
B. No such a thing as a
C. No such thing as a
D. No such thing as
2.______, he would have finished the work all by himself.（北京第二外国语学院 2006年真题）
A. Giving him enough time
B. Given him enough time
C. To give him enough time
D. Had been given enough time
3.“We have to resolve the differences between us through peace talks instead of ______.”(violent)（四川外国语大学 2006年真题）
答案与解析：
1.译文：这个世界上根本就没有鬼魂这种事，那不过是你的幻觉。“There is no such thing/person as sb./sth.”在此结构中冠词通常省略，如 There is no such thing as free lunch.（世上没有免费的午餐）。所以答案选 D。
2.译文：如果时间充裕，他应该能独自完成所有工作。主句是对过去事实的虚拟，所以从句应用 if引导的条件句，且为过去完成时，其中 if可省略，剩余部分用倒装，故选 D。
3.译文：我们应该通过和平谈话而非暴力的方式解决分歧。这里省略了through，其中 peace talks和 violence是作为 through的并列成分存在的，因此用名词形式，即填 violence。
1. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ______half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
A. to announce
B. announced
C. announcing
D. was announced
2. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ______from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
A. being resigned
B. having resigned
C. going to resign
D. resign
3. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,______to find it locked.
A. just
B. only
C. hence
D. thus
4. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ______out of the office.
A. went
B. gone
C. to go
D. would go
5. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______what to do and what not to do.
A. to be told
B. having been told
C. being told
D. to have been told
6. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered
B. considering
C. to be considered
D. having considered
7. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to it's ______always with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combined
B. having combined
C. combine
D. being combined
8. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ______to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A. adding
B. to have added
C. to add
D. added
9. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ______one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes
B. made
C. is to make
D. making
10. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently ______what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
A. giving
B. gave
C. to give
D. given
11. How many of us______ , say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended
B. attending
C. to attend
D. have attended
12. Having isolated (A) on a remote island, with (B) little work to occupy (C) them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits (D) .
13. The ruling (A) party could even lose its (B) majority in the lower house of parliament, started (C) a period of prolonged struggling (D) .
14. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ______just around the corner was untrue.
A. would be
B. to be
C. was
D. being
15. It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ______place in our ever-changing world.
A. taking
B. to take
C. take
D. taken
16. California has more light than it knows ______to do with but everything else is expensive.
A. how
B. what
C. which
D. where
17. The place ______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which
B. where
C. what
D. in which
18. Do you know the man ______？
A. whom I spoke
B. to who spoke
C. I spoke to
D. that I spoke
19. That is the hotel ______last month.
A. which they stayed
B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at
D. where they stayed
20. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. on which
21. That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which
B. on which
C. in which
D. when
22. The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where
B. to which
C. which
D. in which
23. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory ______we are working.
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. there
24. This is one of the best films ______.
A. that have been shown this year
B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year
D. that you talked
25. Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked
B. which you talked
C. about that you talked
D. that you talked
26. The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which
B. in which
C. on which
D. by which
27. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom
B. who
C. which
D. that
28. The engineer______ my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom
B. on whom
C. with which
D. with whom
29. Is there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who
B. who's
C. which
D. whose
30. I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that
B. all what
C. that
D. which
31. I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which
B. who
C. what
D. as
32. All the information we have collected in relation to that case ______very little.
A. makes up for
B. adds up to
C. comes up with
D. puts up with
33. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that they are______loud continuous noise.
A. subjected to
B. filled with
C. associated with
D. attached to
34. He was such a busy man that after a long delay, he ______writing the letter.
A. got around to
B. looked forward to
C. passed on to
D. took to
35. Poor planning is always disadvantageous______ good government.
A.to
B.of
C.in
D.with
36. This kind of behavior is ______crocodile.
A. typical to
B. special for
C. peculiar to
D. particular about
37. The chairman says he needs an assistant that he can ______to take care of problems that may occur in his absence.
A. count on
B. resort to
C. look up to
D. seek after
38. His intelligence and experience will enable him to______ the complicated situation.
A. cope with
B. settle down
C. intervene in
D. interfere with
39. At the party we found that the shy girl______ her mother all the time.
A. centering on
B. adhering to
C. coinciding with
D. clinging to
40. All the workers in the company are ______free medical care.
A. provided for
B. entitled to
C. involved in
D. connected with
41. That young man ______the water and swam toward the boat.
A. emerged in
B. emerged from
C. emerged as
D. emerged out of
42. It's time we ______the experiment, otherwise we can't complete the task according to the schedule.
A. turned to
B. saw to
C. got down to
D. sat in
43. Joan is particular______ choosing her dresses.
A. about
B. for
C. with
D. to
44. I got tired ______after I recovered from my illness.
A. from walking
B. of walking
C. with walking
D. to walk
45. Malaria, it is sure, has been practically ______in thirteen countries, including the U.S., and is under attack in many others.
A. wiped out
B. died out
C. put out
D. left out
46. She was clearly______ his death and must be punished for it.
A. responsible with
B. responsible for
C. reasonable to
D. reasonable for
47. She hasn't been______ a tailor for years but she is still pretty a sewing machine.
A. handy with
B. skillful on
C. good at
D. expert with
48. He failed to completely achieve the aim ______by the teacher at the beginning of the term.
A. brought forth
B. set forth
C. come up
D. put forward
49. I feel ______her being able to buy an expensive dress.
A. jealous of
B. jealous in
C. jealous at
D. jealous out of
50. In our family, my father is ______his cooking.
A. famous for
B. famous in
C. famous about
D. famous with
51. If you ______Jenny Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn't contact
B. didn't contact
C. weren't to contact
D. hadn't contacted
52. ______the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for
53. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I______ your advice.
A. follow
B. would follow
C. had followed
D. have followed
54. If I had seen the movie, I______ you all about it now.
A. would tell
B. will tell
C. have told
D. would have told
55. If the horse won today, it ______thirty races in five years.
A. would have won
B. won
C. must have won
D. did have won
56. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,______ a sudden loud noise.
A. being there
B. should there be
C. there was
D. there having been
57. The board deemed it urgent that these files______ right away.
A. had to be printed
B. should have been printed
C. must be printed
D. should be printed
58. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ______in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed
B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed
D. should have been analyzed
59. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. be
B. have been
C. had been
D. was
60. I apologize if I______you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend
B. had offended
C. should have offended
D. might have offended
61. If you hadn't taken such a long time to get dressed, we ______there by now.
A. would be
B. are
C. were
D. be
62. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ______round the earth.
A. were circling
B. circles
C. is circling
D. be circling
63. If the Watergate Incident______ Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur
B. had not occurred
C. was not occurring
D. be occuring
64. I hadn't expected James to apologize but I had hoped______.
A. him calling me
B. that he would call me
C. him to call me
D. that he call me
65. George would certainly have attended the proceedings______ .
A. if he didn't get a flat fire
B. if the flat fire hadn't happened
C. had he not had a flat fire
D. had the fire not flattened itself
66. The teacher suggested that her students______ experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their
B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her
D. had written any compositions for his
67. I ought to______ them about the news, but I forgot to do so.
A. remember telling
B. remember having told
C. have remembered to tell
D. have remembered telling
68. You should have put the milk in the refrigerator. I expect it______ undrinkable.
A. became
B. has become
C. had become
D. becomes
69. The construction of the bridge finished today, but as the builders have been on strike the
bridge ______is only half finished.
A. will be
B. is
C. was to be
D. was to have been
70. I punished the child ______he should make the same mistake.
A. since
B. because
C. unless
D. lest
7l. The ground is wet. It ______yesterday.
A. could have rained
B. must have rained
C. might have rained
D. need have rained
72. I regret telling him the secret. I ______the secret for you.
A. could have kept
B. must have kept
C. should have kept
D. need have kept
73. You ______say anything if you don't want to.
A. haven't
B. can't
C. mustn't
D. needn't
74. Women ______out to work, but most of them choose to stay at home and take care of the whole family.
A. could have gone
B. must have gone
C. should have gone
D. need have gone
75. He knew nothing about Beijing; he ______there.
A. needn't have been
B. mustn't have been
C. might not have been
D. couldn't have been
76. Investigators agree that passengers on the airliner______ at the moment of the crash.
A. should have died
B. must be dying
C. must have died
D. ought to die
77. He ought______ have revealed the secret of the company.
A. not to
B. to not
C. not
D. never
78. He was a persistent boy and he______ speak English fluently by constant practice.
A. could
B. might
C. must
D. was able to
79. The English of this article is so good. She can't______ it herself.
A. have to write
B. have written
C. had written
D. be written
80. I want it to be done quickly, but you______ it by overtime work.
A. need not to do
B. do not need do
C. need not do
D. need do not
81. You ______me, because I didn't say that.
A. must misunderstand
B. must be understanding
C. had to misunderstand
D. must have misunderstood
82. He worked hard, so he______ pass the exam this time.
A. succeeded to
B. was able to
C. might
D. could
83. You ______so nervous; it is only a pure talk but not an interview.
A. needn't have been
B. need have been
C. couldn't have been
D. could have been
84. Jane's score in the test is the highest in her class; she ______have studied very hard.
A. may
B. should
C. must
D. ought to
85. He ______the train, for he had started out so early.
A. could not have missed
B. must not have missed
C. should have missed
D. should miss
86. The boy became fatter and fatter each day and______ made his parents sad.
A. which
B. what
C. he
D. it
87. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see______ .
A.whoishe
B.whoheis
C.whoitis
D.whoisit
88. In fact,______ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. it
B. that
C. there
D. this
89. Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but ______didn't help.
A. he
B. it
C. she
D. which
90. Does ______matter whether he can finish the job on time?
A. this
B. that
C. he
D. it
91. He returned with such provisions______ were needed.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. as
92. You will not easily find______ as Smith; he is one in a thousand.
A. as good a teacher
B. as a good teacher
C. as a better teacher
D. as better a teacher
93. The coal output last year was ______five years before.
A. as much as twice
B. twice as much as
C. twice so much as
D. as twice much as
94. The new overcoat cost me ______the last one that I bought.
A. four times
B. four times as more as
C. four times as much as
D. as much four times as
95. You may borrow this book—______ you promise to give it back.
A. in case
B. so long as
C. as if
D. even if
96. When you get to the station, I ______dinner with a client.
A. will probably have
B. will probably have had
C. will probably be having
D. will probably have been having
97. Not until all the fish died in the river______ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn't the villagers realize
98. Between the doors______ a man.
A. is standing
B. are standing
C. stand
D. has
99. It was ______that yesterday______.
A. beautiful day; was
B. windy; was
C. Monday; is
D. fine; is
100. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand______ a gun and his face______ with sweat.
A. held; covered
B. holding; covering
C. holding; covered
D. held; covering
答案：
截图1-1-2-12-258-42
1. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ______half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
A. to announce
B. announced
C. announcing
D. was announced
2. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ______from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
A. being resigned
B. having resigned
C. going to resign
D. resign
3. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,______to find it locked.
A. just
B. only
C. hence
D. thus
4. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ______out of the office.
A. went
B. gone
C. to go
D. would go
5. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______what to do and what not to do.
A. to be told
B. having been told
C. being told
D. to have been told
6. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered
B. considering
C. to be considered
D. having considered
7. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to it's ______always with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combined
B. having combined
C. combine
D. being combined
8. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ______to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A. adding
B. to have added
C. to add
D. added
9. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ______one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes
B. made
C. is to make
D. making
10. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently ______what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
A. giving
B. gave
C. to give
D. given
11. How many of us______ , say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
A. attended
B. attending
C. to attend
D. have attended
12. Having isolated (A) on a remote island, with (B) little work to occupy (C) them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits (D) .
13. The ruling (A) party could even lose its (B) majority in the lower house of parliament, started (C) a period of prolonged struggling (D) .
14. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ______just around the corner was untrue.
A. would be
B. to be
C. was
D. being
15. It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ______place in our ever-changing world.
A. taking
B. to take
C. take
D. taken
16. California has more light than it knows ______to do with but everything else is expensive.
A. how
B. what
C. which
D. where
17. The place ______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which
B. where
C. what
D. in which
18. Do you know the man ______？
A. whom I spoke
B. to who spoke
C. I spoke to
D. that I spoke
19. That is the hotel ______last month.
A. which they stayed
B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at
D. where they stayed
20. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. on which
21. That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which
B. on which
C. in which
D. when
22. The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where
B. to which
C. which
D. in which
23. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory ______we are working.
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. there
24. This is one of the best films ______.
A. that have been shown this year
B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year
D. that you talked
25. Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked
B. which you talked
C. about that you talked
D. that you talked
26. The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which
B. in which
C. on which
D. by which
27. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom
B. who
C. which
D. that
28. The engineer______ my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom
B. on whom
C. with which
D. with whom
29. Is there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who
B. who's
C. which
D. whose
30. I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that
B. all what
C. that
D. which
31. I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which
B. who
C. what
D. as
32. All the information we have collected in relation to that case ______very little.
A. makes up for
B. adds up to
C. comes up with
D. puts up with
33. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that they are______loud continuous noise.
A. subjected to
B. filled with
C. associated with
D. attached to
34. He was such a busy man that after a long delay, he ______writing the letter.
A. got around to
B. looked forward to
C. passed on to
D. took to
35. Poor planning is always disadvantageous______ good government.
A.to
B.of
C.in
D.with
36. This kind of behavior is ______crocodile.
A. typical to
B. special for
C. peculiar to
D. particular about
37. The chairman says he needs an assistant that he can ______to take care of problems that may occur in his absence.
A. count on
B. resort to
C. look up to
D. seek after
38. His intelligence and experience will enable him to______ the complicated situation.
A. cope with
B. settle down
C. intervene in
D. interfere with
39. At the party we found that the shy girl______ her mother all the time.
A. centering on
B. adhering to
C. coinciding with
D. clinging to
40. All the workers in the company are ______free medical care.
A. provided for
B. entitled to
C. involved in
D. connected with
41. That young man ______the water and swam toward the boat.
A. emerged in
B. emerged from
C. emerged as
D. emerged out of
42. It's time we ______the experiment, otherwise we can't complete the task according to the schedule.
A. turned to
B. saw to
C. got down to
D. sat in
43. Joan is particular______ choosing her dresses.
A. about
B. for
C. with
D. to
44. I got tired ______after I recovered from my illness.
A. from walking
B. of walking
C. with walking
D. to walk
45. Malaria, it is sure, has been practically ______in thirteen countries, including the U.S., and is under attack in many others.
A. wiped out
B. died out
C. put out
D. left out
46. She was clearly______ his death and must be punished for it.
A. responsible with
B. responsible for
C. reasonable to
D. reasonable for
47. She hasn't been______ a tailor for years but she is still pretty a sewing machine.
A. handy with
B. skillful on
C. good at
D. expert with
48. He failed to completely achieve the aim ______by the teacher at the beginning of the term.
A. brought forth
B. set forth
C. come up
D. put forward
49. I feel ______her being able to buy an expensive dress.
A. jealous of
B. jealous in
C. jealous at
D. jealous out of
50. In our family, my father is ______his cooking.
A. famous for
B. famous in
C. famous about
D. famous with
51. If you ______Jenny Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn't contact
B. didn't contact
C. weren't to contact
D. hadn't contacted
52. ______the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for
53. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I______ your advice.
A. follow
B. would follow
C. had followed
D. have followed
54. If I had seen the movie, I______ you all about it now.
A. would tell
B. will tell
C. have told
D. would have told
55. If the horse won today, it ______thirty races in five years.
A. would have won
B. won
C. must have won
D. did have won
56. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,______ a sudden loud noise.
A. being there
B. should there be
C. there was
D. there having been
57. The board deemed it urgent that these files______ right away.
A. had to be printed
B. should have been printed
C. must be printed
D. should be printed
58. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ______in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed
B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed
D. should have been analyzed
59. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. be
B. have been
C. had been
D. was
60. I apologize if I______you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend
B. had offended
C. should have offended
D. might have offended
61. If you hadn't taken such a long time to get dressed, we ______there by now.
A. would be
B. are
C. were
D. be
62. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ______round the earth.
A. were circling
B. circles
C. is circling
D. be circling
63. If the Watergate Incident______ Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur
B. had not occurred
C. was not occurring
D. be occuring
64. I hadn't expected James to apologize but I had hoped______.
A. him calling me
B. that he would call me
C. him to call me
D. that he call me
65. George would certainly have attended the proceedings______ .
A. if he didn't get a flat fire
B. if the flat fire hadn't happened
C. had he not had a flat fire
D. had the fire not flattened itself
66. The teacher suggested that her students______ experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their
B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her
D. had written any compositions for his
67. I ought to______ them about the news, but I forgot to do so.
A. remember telling
B. remember having told
C. have remembered to tell
D. have remembered telling
68. You should have put the milk in the refrigerator. I expect it______ undrinkable.
A. became
B. has become
C. had become
D. becomes
69. The construction of the bridge finished today, but as the builders have been on strike the
bridge ______is only half finished.
A. will be
B. is
C. was to be
D. was to have been
70. I punished the child ______he should make the same mistake.
A. since
B. because
C. unless
D. lest
7l. The ground is wet. It ______yesterday.
A. could have rained
B. must have rained
C. might have rained
D. need have rained
72. I regret telling him the secret. I ______the secret for you.
A. could have kept
B. must have kept
C. should have kept
D. need have kept
73. You ______say anything if you don't want to.
A. haven't
B. can't
C. mustn't
D. needn't
74. Women ______out to work, but most of them choose to stay at home and take care of the whole family.
A. could have gone
B. must have gone
C. should have gone
D. need have gone
75. He knew nothing about Beijing; he ______there.
A. needn't have been
B. mustn't have been
C. might not have been
D. couldn't have been
76. Investigators agree that passengers on the airliner______ at the moment of the crash.
A. should have died
B. must be dying
C. must have died
D. ought to die
77. He ought______ have revealed the secret of the company.
A. not to
B. to not
C. not
D. never
78. He was a persistent boy and he______ speak English fluently by constant practice.
A. could
B. might
C. must
D. was able to
79. The English of this article is so good. She can't______ it herself.
A. have to write
B. have written
C. had written
D. be written
80. I want it to be done quickly, but you______ it by overtime work.
A. need not to do
B. do not need do
C. need not do
D. need do not
81. You ______me, because I didn't say that.
A. must misunderstand
B. must be understanding
C. had to misunderstand
D. must have misunderstood
82. He worked hard, so he______ pass the exam this time.
A. succeeded to
B. was able to
C. might
D. could
83. You ______so nervous; it is only a pure talk but not an interview.
A. needn't have been
B. need have been
C. couldn't have been
D. could have been
84. Jane's score in the test is the highest in her class; she ______have studied very hard.
A. may
B. should
C. must
D. ought to
85. He ______the train, for he had started out so early.
A. could not have missed
B. must not have missed
C. should have missed
D. should miss
86. The boy became fatter and fatter each day and______ made his parents sad.
A. which
B. what
C. he
D. it
87. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see______ .
A.whoishe
B.whoheis
C.whoitis
D.whoisit
88. In fact,______ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. it
B. that
C. there
D. this
89. Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but ______didn't help.
A. he
B. it
C. she
D. which
90. Does ______matter whether he can finish the job on time?
A. this
B. that
C. he
D. it
91. He returned with such provisions______ were needed.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. as
92. You will not easily find______ as Smith; he is one in a thousand.
A. as good a teacher
B. as a good teacher
C. as a better teacher
D. as better a teacher
93. The coal output last year was ______five years before.
A. as much as twice
B. twice as much as
C. twice so much as
D. as twice much as
94. The new overcoat cost me ______the last one that I bought.
A. four times
B. four times as more as
C. four times as much as
D. as much four times as
95. You may borrow this book—______ you promise to give it back.
A. in case
B. so long as
C. as if
D. even if
96. When you get to the station, I ______dinner with a client.
A. will probably have
B. will probably have had
C. will probably be having
D. will probably have been having
97. Not until all the fish died in the river______ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn't the villagers realize
98. Between the doors______ a man.
A. is standing
B. are standing
C. stand
D. has
99. It was ______that yesterday______.
A. beautiful day; was
B. windy; was
C. Monday; is
D. fine; is
100. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand______ a gun and his face______ with sweat.
A. held; covered
B. holding; covering
C. holding; covered
D. held; covering
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