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1.Define the following terms:
1) historical linguistics（南开大学 2010年考研试题）
2) pragmatics（首都师范大学 2007年考研试题）
3) emotive function of language（四川大学 2012年考研试题）
4) recreational function（中山大学 2013年考研试题）
5) arbitrariness at the syntactic level（北京交通大学 2009年考研试题）
6) metalanguage（北京科技大学 2012年考研试题）
2.Multiple Choice:
Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.
1) The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called ______ .（北京第二外国语学院 2010年考研试题）
A. grammar rules
B. competence
C. performance
D. language device
2) ______ units are meaningless and ______ units have distinct and identifiable meaning.（天津外国语大学 2010年考研试题）
A. Primary/secondary
B. First/secondary
C. Minimal/secondary
D. Secondary/primary
3) Idioms are products of ______ of language.（天津外国语大学 2010年考研试题）
A. conventionality B. arbitrariness C. creativity D. duality
4) “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ______ .（天津外国语大学 2011年考研试题）
A. arbitrariness B. creativity C. duality D. displacement
5) Verbal dueling, the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, is mainly to do with the ______ function of language.（武汉大学 2011年考研试题）
A. performative B. interpersonal C. informative D. recreational
6) It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and ______ .（北京第二外国语学院 2013年考研试题）
A. social B. psychology C. cultural D. pragmatic
3.Word Completion:
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.
1) When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ______ function.（北京第二外国语学院 2010年考研试题）
2) ______ is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time.（天津外国语大学 2010年考研试题）
3) The ______ function refers to that language can be used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.（北京第二外国语学院 2012年考研试题）
4) ______ linguistics attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used while ______ linguistics aims to discover and record what language is like and how it is used.（北京第二外国语学院 2012年考研试题）
5) Chomsky claims that it is the linguist's task to characterize what speakers know about their language, i.e., their ______ , not what they do with their language, i.e., their ______ .（北京第二外国语学院 2012年考研试题）
6) ______ studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（天津外国语大学 2012年考研试题）
7) P______ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.（大连外国语大学 2012年考研试题）
8) S______ examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it.（大连外国语大学 2012年考研试题）
9) By ______ , we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recur-siveness.（北京第二外国语学院 2013年考研试题）
10) ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.（中山大学 2013年考研试题）
4.True or False Questions:
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.
1) Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist, and he is called the father of linguistics.（北京第二外国语学院 2011年考研试题）
2) Language is a means of verbal communication which can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.（大连外国语大学 2012年考研试题）
3) Different words are used to describe the concept in different languages. This reflects the design feature of displacement concerning human languages.（大连外国语大学 2012年考研试题）
4) Journalists keep writing about and reporting on important events. This better reflects the recreational function of language.（大连外国语大学 2012年考研试题）
5) As an interdisciplinary study of language and psychology, psycholinguistics has its roots in structural linguistics on the one hand, and in cognitive psychology on the other hand.（北京第二外国语学院 2013年考研试题）
5.Short Essay Questions:
1) What makes language unique to human beings?（北京航空航天大学 2010年考研试题）
2) Please list some differences between Langue and Parole.（北京第二外国语学院 2011年考研试题）
3) A distinction can be drawn between Competence and Performance in the study of language. What do they refer to? Why does Chomsky draw such a distinction?（武汉大学 2011年考研试题）
4) Explain and distinguish between linguistic competence and communicative competence.（国际关系学院 2011年考研试题）
5) Why do we say language is arbitrary?（厦门大学 2012年考研试题）
6) Tell the reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users.（北京第二外国语学院 2013年考研试题）
7) How do you understand the emotive function of language?（北京第二外国语学院 2013年考研试题）
8) What is macrolinguistics? List no less than three branches of macrolinguistics and define them briefly.（北京科技大学 2012年考研试题）