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21. Sir John Hawkins. — For many years after Cabot ’ s voyage Englishmen were too busy at home to pay much attention to distant expeditions. But in Queen Elizabeth ’ s time English seamen began to sail to America. The first of them to win a place in history was John Hawkins. He carried cargoes of negro slaves from Africa to the West Indies and sold them to the Spanish planters. On his third voyage he was basely attacked by the Spaniards and lost four of his five ships. Returning home, he became one of the leading men of Elizabeth ’ s little navy and fought most gallantly for his country.
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE
22. Sir Francis Drake. — A greater and a more famous man was Hawkins ’ s cousin, Francis Drake. He had been with Hawkins on his third voyage and had come to hate Spaniards most vigorously. In 1577 he made a famous voyage round the world. Steering through the Straits of Magellan, he plundered the Spanish towns on the western coasts of South America. At one place his sailors went on shore and found a man sound asleep. Near him were four bars of silver. “ We took the silver and left the man, ” wrote the old historian of the voyage. Drake also captured vessels loaded with gold and silver and pearls. Sailing northward, he repaired his ship, the Pelican, on the coast of California, and returned home by the way of the Cape of Good Hope.
23. Sir Walter Ralegh. — Still another famous Englishman of Elizabeth ’ s time was Walter Ralegh. He never saw the coasts of the United States, but his name is rightly connected with our history, because he tried again and again to found colonies on our shores. In 1584 he sent Amadas and Barlowe to explore the Atlantic seashore of North America. Their reports were so favorable that he sent a strong colony to settle on Roanoke Island in Virginia, as he named that region. But the settlers soon became unhappy because they found no gold. Then, too, their food began to fail, and Drake, happening along, took them back to England.
24. The “ Lost Colony ” , 1587. — Ralegh made still one more attempt to found a colony in Virginia. But the fate of this colony was most dreadful. For the settlers entirely disappeared, — men, women, and children. Among the lost was little Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America. No one really knows what became of these people. But the Indians told the later settlers of Jamestown that they had been killed by the savages.
25. Destruction of the Spanish Armada, 1588. — This activity of the English in America was very distressing to the King of Spain. For he claimed all America for himself and did not wish Englishmen to go thither. He determined to conquer England and thus put an end to these English voyages. But Hawkins, Drake, Ralegh, and the men behind the English guns were too strong even for the Invincible Armada. Spain ’ s sea-power never recovered from this terrible blow. Englishmen could now found colonies with slight fear of the Spaniards. When the Spanish king learned of the settlement of Jamestown, he ordered an expedition to go from St. Augustine to destroy the English colony. But the Spaniards never got farther than the mouth of the James River. For when they reached that point, they thought they saw the masts and spars of an English ship. They at once turned about and sailed back to Florida as fast as they could go.
【中文阅读】
21. 约翰·霍金斯爵士 ——卡伯特的航海之后许多年，英国人一直忙于国内事务，无暇顾及长途远征的事。但是，在伊丽莎白女王时代英国水手就开始向美洲进发，他们当中第一个在历史上写下一笔的是约翰· 霍金斯，此人将一些黑奴从非洲贩运到西印度群岛，将他们卖给西班牙的殖民者。他的第三次航海遭到西班牙人的重创，五艘船被毁掉四艘。返回英国后，他成为伊丽莎白的一名海军领导者，为其国家勇敢地战斗。
22. 弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士 ——一位更伟大、更出名的英国人是霍金斯的堂弟弗朗西斯· 德雷克，此人曾经随霍金斯完成第三次航海，对西班牙人恨之入骨。 1577 年，德雷克在大海上完成了环游世界的壮举。他穿过麦哲伦海峡，对南美洲西海岸的西班牙城镇实施掠夺。关于这次航海，一位历史学家写道：一次，德雷克的水手走上岸发现一个男子在酣睡，男子的身边有四条银子，“我们拿走了银子而没有理会这个男子”。德雷克还捕获了一些载有黄金、白银和珍珠的船。他们向北航行，在加利福尼亚湾修补他们的“鹈鹕”号船，然后经由好望角回到家。
23. 沃特·罗利爵士 ——在伊丽莎白时代还有一位著名的英国人，他的名字叫沃特· 罗利，此人从未见过美国的海岸，但是，他的名字与我们的历史紧密相连，因为他多次尝试在我们的海岸上创建殖民地。 1584 年，沃特· 罗利派阿曼德斯和巴罗到北美的大西洋海岸探险。两人的报告让他非常高兴，他将一支庞大的侨民队伍安置到弗吉尼亚的罗阿诺克岛，同时，他给这个地区命名。但是，侨民们很快就失望了，因为他们没有找到黄金，并且他们也很快吃光了食物。德雷克将他们带回了英格兰。
2 4. “失去的殖民地”（ 1587 年） ——罗利还做了一次在弗吉尼亚创建殖民地的尝试，但这个殖民地的命运是最糟糕的。因为安置下的人全都消失了，包括男人、女人和孩子。在失踪的人当中有年幼的弗吉尼亚· 戴艾，他是在美洲出生的第一个英国孩子。没有人真正知道这些人的下落，但是，印第安人后来向詹姆斯敦的殖民者说，这些人是被野蛮人杀死的。
25. 西班牙“无敌舰队”的覆灭（ 1588 年） ——英国人在美洲的活动令西班牙国王十分恼火，因为他宣称整个美洲都是自己的，不想让英国人染指美洲。西班牙国王决定征服英国以此终结英国的航海活动，但是，霍金斯、德雷克、罗利和那些持枪的英国人十分顽强，就连不可战胜的“无敌舰队”也感到棘手。经过这次可怕的打击，西班牙“无敌舰队”不复存在，英国人可以无视西班牙人而创建殖民地。知道詹姆斯敦聚居地的情况后，西班牙国王从圣奥古斯丁派出一支远征军去摧毁英国的殖民地，但是，西班牙人从此再也没有走到比詹姆斯河口更远的地方，因为，到达詹姆斯河口时他们看到的是英国船只的桅杆，他们迅速调转方向以最快速度逃回佛罗里达。
CHAPTER 1
§§ 1-3. — a. To how much honor are the Northmen entitled as the discoverers of America?
b. Draw from memory a map showing the relative positions of Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and North America.
c. What portions of the world were known to Europeans in 1490? Explain by drawing a map.
§§ 4-6. — a. State Columbus ’ s beliefs about the shape and size of the earth.
b. What land did Columbus think that he had reached?
c. What is meant by the statement that “ he took possession ” of the new land?
d. Describe the appearance of the Indians, their food, and their weapons.
§§ 7-9. — a. What other Italians sailed across the Atlantic before 1500? Why was Cabot ’ s voyage important?
b. Why was the New World called America and not Columbia?
c. Describe the discovery of the Pacific Ocean. Why was this discovery ofimportance?
CHAPTER 2
§§ 10-12. — a. What was the chief wish of the Spanish explorers?
b. How did they treat the Indians?
§§ 13-16. — a. Describe a pueblo. What do the existing pueblos teach us about the Indians of Coronado ’ s time?
b. Describe Coronado ’ s march.
c. What other band of Spaniards nearly approached Coronado ’ s men? Describe their march.
d. What other places were explored by the Spaniards?
§§ 17-20. — a. Why did Verrazano explore the northeastern coasts?
b. Describe Cartier ’ s experiences in the St. Lawrence.
c. Describe the French expeditions to Carolina and Florida.
d. What reason had the Spaniards for attacking the French?
CHAPTER 3
§§ 21, 22. — a. Look up something about the early voyages of Francis Drake.
b. Compare Drake ’ s route around the world with that of Magellan.
§§ 23-25. — a. Explain carefully Ralegh ’ s connection with our history.
b. Was the territory Ralegh named Virginia just what is now the state of Virginia?
c. What is sea-power?
d. What effect did the defeat of Spain have upon our history?
a. Draw upon an Outline Map the routes of all the explorers mentioned. Place names and dates in their proper places.
b. Arrange a table of the various explorers as follows, stating in two or three words what each accomplished: —
a. Columbus ’ s first voyage, Irving (abridged edition)
b. Coronado ’ s expedition, Lummis ’ s Spanish Pioneers.
c. Verrazano and Cartier, Higginson ’ s Explorers.
d. The “ Lost Colony, ” Higginson ’ s Explorers.
e. The England of Elizabeth (a study of any small history of England will suffice for this topic)