EXPULSION OF THE FRENCH

驱除法国人

89. Causes of the French Wars. —At the time of the “Glorious Revolution” James II found refuge with Louis XIV, King of France. William and Louis had already been fighting, and it was easy enough to see that if William became King of England he would be very much more powerful than he was when he was only Prince of Orange. So Louis took up the cause of James and made war on the English and the Dutch. The conflict soon spread across theAtlantic.

Louis of France and William of Orange.

Disadvantages of the English colonists.

Advantages of the French colonists.

90. Strength of the Combatants. —At first sight it might seem as if theEnglish colonists were much stronger than the French colonists. They greatly outnumbered the French. They were much more prosperous and well-to-do. But their settlements were scattered over a great extent of seacoast from the Kennebec to the Savannah. Their governments were more or less free. But this very freedom weakened them for war. The French colonial government was a despotism directed from France. Whatever resources the French had in America were certain to be well used.

King William’s War, 1689-97. Eggleston, 122-123.

Queen Anne’s War, 1701-13. Higginson, 143-147; Source-Book, 98-100.

King George’s War, 1744-48.

91. King William’s War, 1689～97. —The Iroquois began this war by destroying Montreal. The next winter the French invaded New York. They captured Schenectady and killed nearly all the inhabitants. Other bands destroyed New England towns and killed or drove away their inhabitants. The English, on their part, seized Port Royal in Acadia, but they failed in an attempt against Quebec. In 1697 this war came to an end. Acadia was given back to the French, and nothing was gained by all the bloodshed and suffering.

92. Queen Anne’s War, 1701～13. —In 1701 the conflict began again. It lasted for twelve years, until 1713. It was in this war that the Duke of Marlborough won the battle of Blenheim and made for himself a great reputation. In America the French and Indians made long expeditions to New England. The English colonists again attacked Quebec and again failed. In one thing, however, they were successful. They again seized Port Royal. This time the English kept Port Royal and all Acadia. Port Royal they called Annapolis, and the name of Acadia was changed to Nova Scotia.

93. King George’s War, 1744～48. —From 1713 until 1744 there was no war between the English and the French. But in 1744 fighting began againin earnest. The French and Indians attacked the New England frontier towns and killed many people. But the New Englanders, on their part, won a great success. After the French lost Acadia they built a strong fortress on the island of Cape Breton. To this they gave the name of Louisburg. The New Englanders fitted out a great expedition and captured Louisburg without much help from the English. But at the close of the war (1748) the fortress was given back to the French, to the disgust of the New Englanders.

94. The French in the Mississippi Valley. —The Spaniards had discovered the Mississippi and had explored its lower valley. But they had found no gold there and had abandoned the country. It was left for French explorers more than one hundred years later to rediscover the great river and to explore it from its upper waters to the Gulf of Mexico. The first Frenchman to saildown the river to its mouth was La Salle. In 1681, with three canoes, he floated down the Mississippi, until he reached a place where the great riverdivided into three large branches. He sent one canoe down each branch. Returning, they all reported that they had reached the open sea.

La Salle on the Mississippi, 1681.McMaster, 62-65; Sourcebook, 96-98.

La Salle attempts to found a colony. McMaster , 79-80.

Louisiana settled, 1699.

95. Founding of Louisiana. —La Salle named this immense region Louisiana in honor of the French king. He soon led an expedition to plant a colony on the banks of the Mississippi. Sailing into the Gulf of Mexico, he missed the mouth of the Mississippi and landed on the coast of Texas. Misfortune after misfortune now fell on the unhappy expedition. La Salle was murdered, the stores were destroyed, the Spaniards and Indians came and killed or captured nearly all the colonists. A few only gained the Mississippi and made their way to Canada. In 1699, another French expedition appeared in the Gulf of Mexico. This time the mouth of the Mississippi was easily discovered. But the colonists settled on the shores of Mobile Bay. It was not until 1718 that New Orleans was founded.

The French on the Ohio, 1749. McMaster , 82-86.

The English Ohio Company, 1750.

George Washington. Scudder’s Washington; Hero Tales 1-15.

He warns the French to leave the Ohio.

The French build Fort Duquesne.Washington’s first militaryexpedition, 1754.

96. Struggle for the Ohio Valley. —At the close of King George’s War the French set to work to connect the settlements in Louisiana with those on the St. Lawrence. In 1749 French explorers gained the Alleghany River from Lake Erie and went down the Ohio as far as the Miami. The next year (1750) King George gave a great tract of land on the Ohio River to an association of Virginians, who formed the Ohio Company. The struggle for the Ohio Valley had fairly begun. Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia learned that the French were building forts on the Ohio, and sent them a letter protesting against their so doing. The bearer of this letter was George Washington, a young Virginia surveyor.

97. George Washington. —Of an old Virginia family, George Washington grew up with the idea that he must earn his own living. His father was a well-to-do planter. But Augustine Washington was the eldest son, and, as was the custom then in Virginia, he inherited most of the property. Augustine Washington was very kind to his younger brother, and gave him a good practical education as a land surveyor. The younger man was a bold athlete and fond of studying military campaigns. He was full of courage, industrious, honest, and of great common sense. Before he was twenty he had surveyed large tracts of wilderness, and had done his work well amidst great difficulties. When Dinwiddie wanted a messenger to take his letter tothe French commander on the Ohio, George Washington’s employer at once suggested him as the best person to send on the dangerous journey.

98. Fort Duquesne. —Instead of heeding Dinwiddie’s warning, the French set to work to build Fort Duquesne at the spot where the Alleghany and Monongahela join to form the Ohio,—on the site of the present city of Pittsburg. Dinwiddie therefore sent Washington with a small force of soldiers to drive them away. But the French were too strong for Washington. They besieged him in Fort Necessity and compelled him to surrender (July 4, 1754).

99. Braddock’s Defeat, 1755. —The English government now sent General Braddock with a small army of regular soldiers to Virginia. Slowly and painfully Braddock marched westward. Learning of his approach, the French and Indians left Fort Duquesne to draw him into ambush. But the two forces came together before either party was prepared for battle. For some time the contest was even, then the regulars broke and fled. Braddock was fatally wounded. With great skill, Washington saved the survivors,—but not until four shots had pierced his coat and only thirty of his three companies of Virginians were left alive.

100. The War to 1759. —All the earlier French and Indian wars had begun in Europe and had spread to America. This war began in America and soon spread to Europe. At first affairs went very ill. But in 1757 William Pitt became the British war minister, and the war began to be waged with vigor and success. The old generals were called home, and new men placed in command. In 1758 Amherst and Wolfe captured Louisburg, and Forbes, greatly aided by Washington, seized Fort Duquesne. Bradstreet captured Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario. There was only one bad failure, that of Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. But the next year Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point and opened the way to Canada by Lake Champlain.

101. Capture of Quebec, 1759. —Of all the younger generals James Wolfe was foremost. To him was given the task of capturing Quebec. Seated on a high bluff, Quebec could not be captured from the river. The only way to

The French and Indian War.William Pitt, war minister, 1757.

Capture of Quebec, 1759. Higginson , 154-156; Eggleston , 137139; Source-Book, 105-107.Battle of Quebec.Peace of Paris, 1763.

approach it was to gain the Plains of Abraham in its rear and besiege it on the land side. Again and again Wolfe sent his men to storm the bluffs below the town. Every time they failed. Wolfe felt that he must give up the task, when he was told that a path led from the river to the top of the bluff above the town. Putting his men into boats, they gained the path in the darkness of night. There was a guard at the top of the bluff, but the officer in command was acoward and ran away. In the morning the British army was drawn up on the Plains of Abraham. The French now attacked the British, and a fierce battletook place. The result was doubtful when Wolfe led a charge at the head of the Louisburg Grenadiers. He was killed, but the French were beaten. Five days later Quebec surrendered. Montreal was captured in 1760, and in 1763 the war came to an end.

102. Peace of Paris, 1763. —By this great treaty, or set of treaties, the French withdrew from the continent of North America. To Spain, who had lost Florida, the French gave the island of New Orleans and all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi. To Great Britain the French gave up all the rest of their American possessions except two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Spain, on her part, gave up Florida to the British. There were now practically only two powers in America,—the British in the eastern part of the continent, and the Spaniards west of the Mississippi. The Spaniards also owned the island of New Orleans and controlled both sides of the river for more than a hundred miles from its mouth. But the treaty gave the British the free navigation of the Mississippi throughout its length.

中文阅读

89.法国战争的起因 ——在“光荣革命”时期詹姆斯二世和法国国王路易十四共建了一个避难所，威廉和路易十四一直以来都在打仗。显然，如果威廉成为英格兰的国王，他将比仅仅是奥兰治王子时拥有的权力要大得多，因此，路易十四以帮助詹姆斯为由与英国和荷兰开战，战火迅速蔓延到大西洋对岸。

90.战斗力对比 ——咋看起来，似乎英国殖民者比法国殖民者更为强大，他们不仅在数量上远远超过法国，也比法国繁荣和富足，但是，他们的聚居地分散于从肯纳贝克河到萨纳之间漫长的海滨，他们的政府管理有或多或少的各行其事之处，正是这种各行其事削弱了他们的战斗力。法国殖民政府是一个脱胎于法国的专制政府，法国人在美洲拥有的任何资源都随时听命于战。

91. 威廉国王之战（1689～1697年） ——这场战争由易洛魁族人摧毁蒙特利尔引发，蒙特利尔失陷后第二年冬天法国人就侵入纽约，他们抓住了谢尼克塔底，并几乎杀死了那儿的居住者。另外一些法国军队摧毁了新英格兰的部分城镇，将那里的居民杀死或赶走。英国人则夺取阿卡迪亚的皇家海港，但是，他们没能推进到魁北克。1697年，这场战争结束，阿卡迪亚归还法国，英国人饱受流血和苦难，却一无所获。

92. 安妮女王之战（1701～1713年） ——1701年战火又起，这场战争一直持续了十二年之久，正是在这场战争中，马尔伯勒公爵赢得了布雷海姆战役的胜利，这让他名声大振。在美洲，法国人和印第安人远征新英格兰，英国殖民者再次攻击魁北克并再遭失败，然而，英国殖民者在一件事情上获得胜利，那就是，他们夺取了皇家港口。英国人这一次拥有了皇家港口和整个阿卡迪亚，他们把皇家港口叫做安那波利斯，并改称阿卡迪亚为诺瓦斯科夏。

93. 乔治国王之战（1744～1748年） ——从1713年到1744年英法之间没有战争，但是，1744年蓄意已久的战争终于爆发。法国人和印第安人攻击新英格兰的边境城镇并杀死许多人，但是，新英格兰人却获得一场大捷。法国人失去阿卡迪亚之后在布里多尼海角的岛上建了一座坚固的堡垒，并命名为路易斯堡。新英格兰人成立一支精锐的远征军，在没有得到英国多少帮助的情况下就占领了路易斯堡，但令新英格兰人恼怒的是，在战争结束之际英国又将路易斯堡归还法国。

94.法国人在密西西比河流域 ——西班牙人已经发现了密西西比河，并到过它的下游河谷探险，但是，他们没有在那里找到黄金，并且，放弃了那个地方。一百多年后，法国探险者再次发现这条大河，并从它的上游水域到达墨西哥湾。第一个沿着密西西比河向下航行到入海口的是拉萨尔，1681年，他带着三条独木舟沿着密西西比河顺流而下，到达这条大河被分为三个支流的地方，他向三个方向分别派出一条独木舟，三个方向回来的人都报告说他们到过大海。

95.创建路易斯安那 ——为了纪念法国的国王，拉萨尔把这片广袤的地区命名为路易斯安那。拉萨尔迅速在密西西比河两岸开辟殖民地。他率队驶入墨西哥湾，他们错过了密西西比河的入海口，并在得克萨斯海岸登陆。这次令人不快的远征霉运连连，拉萨尔被谋杀，储藏的供给被毁掉，西班牙人和印第安人过来并杀死或抓获了几乎所有的殖民者，只有少部分人回到密西西比河并设法去往加拿大。1699年，另一只探险队出现在墨西哥湾，他们毫不费力地发现了密西西比河入海口。这些殖民者居住到莫比尔海湾的岸边，直到1718年新奥尔良才得以创建。

96.俄亥俄流域的争斗 ——乔治国王之战结束之际，法国就着手建立路易斯安那聚居地与圣劳伦斯聚居地之间的联系。1749年，法国人从伊利湖找到奥利哈尼河，并沿着俄亥俄河下行到达迈阿密。第二年，乔治国王将俄亥俄河沿岸的一大片土地送给弗吉尼亚的一伙人，这些人组建了俄亥俄公司。俄亥俄流域的争斗已经完全开始。得知法国人正在俄亥俄修建要塞，弗吉尼亚的总督丁伟戴发出一封信抗议他们这么做，送信人是一位年轻的弗吉尼亚测量员乔治·华盛顿。

97.乔治·华盛顿 ——乔治·华盛顿出生在一个传统的弗吉尼亚家庭中，他逐渐形成一个想法——必须自己谋生。乔治·华盛顿的父亲是一个小康殖民者，但是，奥古斯丁·华盛顿才是长子，按照当时弗吉尼亚的习俗，他继承了大部分财产。奥古斯丁对他的兄弟非常的好，供应他接受良好的实践教育——做一个土地测量员。乔治·华盛顿是一个大胆的运动员，喜欢研究军事战役，他一身是胆、勤奋诚实，并且善于与人相处。不到二十岁时，乔治·华盛顿就测量了几块大片的荒野，他突破重重困难以优异成绩完成自己的工作。当丁伟戴需要一名信使将他的信送达俄亥俄的法国司令时，乔治·华盛顿的雇主马上推荐他为完成这次危险之旅的最佳人选。

98.杜坤要塞 ——法国人没有理会丁威迪的警告，而是着手从阿勒格尼和孟农加希拉汇聚到俄亥俄的地方构筑杜坤要塞（这个地方就是现在匹兹堡市的位置）。因此，丁威迪派华盛顿带领一小队武装士兵去驱赶他们，但对于华盛顿这帮人而言，这些法国人太强大了，他们将华盛顿包围在纳西西提要塞中，并迫使他投降（1754年7月4日）。

99.布雷多克的失败（1755年） ——现在，英国政府派布雷多克将军带领一支训练有素的军队前往弗吉尼亚，布雷多克带领军队缓慢而费力地向西方远征。得知布雷多克到来，法国人和印第安人离开要塞想将他引入埋伏圈，但是，两军还没来得及准备战斗就撞个正着，开始时两军的争夺并不激烈，后来英军大乱并四散奔逃，布雷多克本人则受到致命一击。华盛顿非常机智地解救了幸存者，但是，他身中四枪，从弗吉尼亚带来的三队士兵只有三十人幸存。

100.持续到1759年的战争 ——早期法国人和印第安人的联合战争都发生在欧洲，然后蔓延到美洲，这场战争始于美洲并很快蔓延到欧洲。战争伊始，各项战事陷入困境，但是，1757年威廉·皮特担任战争大臣，战争得到有力支持并取得胜利。老将军们被请回家，新人们被托付要职。1758年，阿姆斯特和沃尔夫夺取路易斯堡，福布斯在华盛顿的大力协助下攻陷杜坤要塞；布莱斯垂特夺取安大略湖附近的富然特纳克。只有一次败仗，那就是艾伯克友比在提康德罗加战败，但是，第二年阿姆斯特夺取提康德罗加和克朗波因特，打开了由尚普兰湖通往加拿大的大门。

101. 攻陷魁北克（1759年） ——在所有青年将领中，詹姆斯·沃尔夫是最年轻的，他的任务是夺取魁北克。不可能沿河而上夺取魁北克，它坐落在高高断崖之上，唯一的进路是夺得它背后的亚伯拉罕平原，从陆地上包围他。沃尔夫一次次派兵猛攻魁北克下面的断崖，一次次以失败告终。当知道有一条从大河通往魁北克上面崖顶的路时，沃尔夫觉得必须放弃进攻，他让士兵们在夜幕的掩护下沿河而上，崖顶有一个哨兵，但是负责指挥的军官是一个懦夫，他落荒而逃。早晨，不列颠军队在亚伯拉罕平原受阻，法军马上开始攻击不列颠人，一场残酷的战斗拉开大幕。在沃尔夫冲在路易斯保精锐部队前面发起冲锋时，战争胜负难料。沃尔夫阵亡，但是法国人战败，五天后魁北克投降，1760年蒙特利尔失陷，1763年战争结束。

102. 《巴黎和约》（1763年） ——根据这个伟大的条约，或者说根据这一条约，法国人从北美洲到西班牙之间的大陆撤出，西班牙已经失去佛罗里达，法国将新奥尔良岛和密西西比河以西所有属于路易斯安那的土地交给西班牙。除了圣劳伦斯湾中的两个小岛，法国人将他们在美洲的所有殖民地割让给大不列颠。西班牙则放弃佛罗里达，将它交给不列颠。现在，实际上美洲只有两股力量——东部的英国人和密西西比河西部的西班牙人。西班牙人还拥有新奥尔良的岛屿，并控制着从密西西比河入海口以上一百多里沿河两岸，但是，这个条约给英国人以自由航行于整个密西西比河的权力。

QUESTIONS AND TOPICS

CHAPTER 8

§§ 65, 66.—a. What government did England have after the execution of Charles I? Give three facts about Cromwell.

b. How did the accession of Charles II affect the colonies?

c. What laws were made about the commerce of the colonies?

§ 67.—a. How did the new government of England regard Massachusetts? Why?

b. Describe the treatment of the Quakers in Massachusetts.

§ 68.—a. Describe the charters given to Connecticut and Rhode Island. Why did Connecticut need a charter when she already had a constitution?

b. What other colony was united with Connecticut?

§§ 69,70.—a. Why did England wish to conquer New Netherland? Why did not the people of New Amsterdam wish to fight the English

b. To whom did Charles give this territory?

§§ 71, 72.—a. Mark on a map the position of New Jersey.

b. Describe the division of New Jersey and its sale to the Quakers.

c. Why was the colony prosperous?

§§ 73, 74.—a. Describe the founding of Carolina.

b. Describe northern and southern Carolina, and note the differences between them.

§§ 75, 76.—a. What complaints did the people of Virginia make? Was Bacon a rebel?

b. Describe the later government of Virginia.

c. Why was the founding of William and Mary College important?

§ 77.—a. What was the cause of King Philip’s War?

b. What were the results of the war?

§§ 78-80.—a. Find out three facts about the early life of William Penn. Why did colonists come to Pennsylvania?

b. What trouble arose with Maryland about the boundary line?

c. How was Mason and Dixon’s line famous later?

CHAPTER 9

§§ 81-84.—a. Why did Charles and James dislike the growing liberty of the colonies?

b. What changes did Andros make in New England?

c. Describe the “Glorious Revolution” in America.

d. What changes did William and Mary make in the colonial governments?

§§ 85-88.—a. How did the Carolina proprietors treat their colonists? What was the result of their actions?

b. Explain the reasons for the founding of Georgia.

CHAPTER 10

§§ 89,90.—a. Compare the strength of the English and French colonies. What is a “despotism”?

b. Draw a map showing the position of the English and French colonies.

§§ 91-93.—a. Mark on a map all the places mentioned in the text.

b. Describe the expedition against Louisburg.

c. What was the result of these wars?

§§ 94-97.—a. Which country, England, France, or Spain, had the best claim to the Mississippi valley? Why?

b. Follow route of La Salle on a map, marking each place mentioned. Describe the settlement of Louisiana.

c. Why did the struggle between England and France begin in the Ohio valley?

d. Describe Washington’s early training.

§§ 98-101.—a. Where was Fort Duquesne? Why was its position important? Describe Braddock’s expedition and trace his route.

b. Mark on a map the important routes to Canada.

c. Describe the capture of Quebec. Why was it important?

§ 102.—a. What territory did England gain in 1763? What did Spain gain? What did France lose?

b. What was the great question settled by this war?

GENERAL QUESTIONS

a. Were the New England colonies difficult to govern? Why

b. In what respects were the colonial governments alike? In what respects were they unlike?

c. What events in any colony have shown that its people desired more liberty?

TOPICS FOR SPECIAL WORK

a. The Revolution of 1688 in England and America.

b. Write an account of the life of a boy or girl in any colony; tell about the house, furniture, dress, school, and if a journey to another colony is made, how it is made and what is seen on the way.

c. Arrange a table similar to that described on p. 23.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER

In this period the growing difficulties between England and the coloniescan be traced—especially in commercial affairs and in governmental institutions. Thus many of the causes of the Revolution may be brought out as well as the difficulties in the way of colonial union. This may be emphasizedby noting the difference between the English and French colonies. SJo5fvO0ZkeTgg+Wz9NpLeWhkRMFbK5MvTsEmV/St9hwJk9YHL+/LbR8+BbybBgI