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81. The Stuart Tyranny. —Instead of admiring the growth of the colonies in strength and in liberty, Charles and James saw it with dismay. The colonies were becoming too strong and too free. They determined to reduce all the colonies to royal provinces, like Virginia—with the exception of Pennsylvania which belonged to their friend, William Penn. There was a good deal to be said in favor of this plan, for the colonists were so jealous of each other that they would not unite against the French or the Indians. If the governments were all in the hands of the king, the whole strength of the British colonies could be used against any enemy of England.
New policy of the Stuarts.
Reasons for the new policy.
End of the Massachusetts Company, 1684.Governor Andros of New England, 1688.
82. The Stuart Tyranny in New England. —The Massachusetts charter was now taken away, and Sir Edmund Andros was sent over to govern the colony. He was ordered to make laws and to tax the people without asking their consent. He did as he was ordered to do. He set up the Church of England. He taxed the people. He even took their lands from them, on the ground that the grants from the old Massachusetts government were of no value. When one man pointed to the magistrates’ signatures to his grant, Andros told him that their names were worth no more than a scratch with a bear’s paw. He also enforced the navigation laws and took possession of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Plymouth. At the same time he was also governor of New Hampshire and of New York.
Flight of James II.
Rebellion against Andros, 1689.
Policy of William and Mary.The Massachusetts Province charter, 1691.
83. The “Glorious Revolution” in America, 1689. —By this time Charles was dead, and James was King of England. The English people did not like James any better than the New Englanders liked Andros. In 1688 they rebelled and made William of Orange and his wife Mary, James’s eldest daughter, King and Queen of England. On their part, the Massachusetts colonists seized Andros and his followers and shut them up in prison (April 18, 1689). The people of Connecticut and Rhode Island turned out Andros’s agents and set up their old governments. In New York also Andros’s deputy governor was expelled, and the people took control of affairs until the king and queen should send out a governor. Indeed, all the colonies, except Maryland, declared for William and Mary.
A PROCLAMATION OF 1690 FORBIDDING THE PRINTING OF NEWSPAPERS WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE GOVERNMENT.
84. The New Arrangements. —For a year or two William was very busy in Ireland and on the continent. At length he had time to attend to colonial affairs. He appointed royal governors for both Pennsylvania and Maryland. William Penn soon had his colony given back to him; but the Baltimores had to wait many years before they recovered Maryland. In New York there was a dreadful tragedy. For the new governor, Slaughter, was persuaded to order the execution of the leaders in the rising against Andros. Massachusetts did not get her old charter back, but she got another charter. This provided that the king should appoint the governor, but the people should elect a House of Representatives. The most important result of this new arrangement was a series of disputes between the king’s governor and the people’s representatives. Maine and New Plymouth were included in Massachusetts under the new charter. But New Hampshire remained a royal province.
85. The Colonies, 1700～60. —During these years immigrants thronged
Prosperity of the colonies, 1700-60.
Rebellion in Carolina, 1719.North and South Carolina.General Oglethorpe. to America, and the colonies became constantly stronger. Commerce
everywhere developed, and many manufactures were established. Throughout the colonies the people everywhere gained power, and had it not been for the French and Indian wars they would have been happy. Aside from these wars the most important events of these years were the overthrow of the Carolina proprietors and the founding of Georgia.
Carolina Rice Fields
86. North and South Carolina. —The Carolina proprietors and their colonists had never got on well together. They now got on worse than ever. The greater part of the colonists were not members of the Established Church; but the proprietors tried to take away the right to vote from all persons who were not of that faith. They also interfered in elections, and tried to prevent the formation of a true representative assembly. They could not protect the people against the pirates who blockaded Charleston for weeks at a time. In 1719 the people of Charleston rebelled. The king then interfered, and appointed a royal governor. Later he bought out the rights of the proprietors. In this way Carolina became a royal province. It was soon divided into two provinces, North Carolina and South Carolina. But there had always been two separate colonies in Carolina.
Bad government of the Carolina proprietors.
87. Founding of Georgia, 1732. —In those days it was the custom in England to send persons who could not pay their debts to prison. Of course many of these poor debtors were really industrious persons whom misfortune or sickness had driven into debt. General Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament, looked into the prison management. He was greatly affected by the sad fate of
Grant of Georgia, 1732.
Settlement of Georgia, 1733. Higginson, 127-130; Eggleston, 62-65; Source-Book, 71-73.Progress of the colony.
these poor debtors, and determined to do something for them. With a number of charitable persons he obtained a part of South Carolina for a colony, and named it Georgia for George II, who gave the land. Parliament also gave money. For the government thought it very desirable to have a colony between the rich plantations of Carolina and the Spanish settlements in Florida.
88. Georgia, 1733～52. —Naturally Oglethorpe had no difficulty in getting colonists. For the poor debtors and other oppressed persons were very glad to have a new start in life. Savannah was founded in 1733. The Spaniards, however, were not at all glad to have an English colony planted so near Florida. They attacked the Georgians, and Oglethorpe spent years in fighting them. The Georgia colonists found it very difficult to compete with the Carolina planters.For the Carolinians had slaves to work for them, and the proprietors of Georgia would not let the Georgians own slaves. Finally they gave way and permitted the colonists to own slaves. But this so disheartened the Georgia proprietors that they gave up the enterprise and handed the colony over to the king. In this way Georgia became a royal province.
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81.斯图亚特王朝的暴政 ——殖民地日渐强大和自由，查理二世和詹姆斯却毫无欣赏之态，而是对此感到非常害怕。殖民地正变得太强大、太自由，他们决定把殖民地划归为王室的省，如弗吉尼亚，但宾夕法尼亚是个例外，因为它属于他们的朋友威廉·佩恩。他们有大量的理由支持这个计划，因为殖民者彼此妒忌，他们不会统一起来对抗法国和印第安人。如果所有政府都服从国王的管理，不列颠殖民地的全部力量就可以联合起来反对英格兰的敌人。
82.新英格兰的斯图亚特暴政 ——此时，马萨诸塞宪章已经不复存在，埃德蒙德·安德罗斯爵士被派去统治这片殖民地，他接到的命令是制定法律和收税，而不管人们的意愿如何。埃德蒙德·安德罗斯爵士依令而行，他建造英格兰教堂，向人们征税，甚至剥夺人们的土地，理由是马萨诸塞旧政府的授权已经没有效力。当有人指着自己授权书上地方行政长官的签名表示不服时，安德罗斯就告诉他，这些签名如一只熊爪抓过的痕迹一样不值一提。他还实行强制的航海法规，占领康涅狄格、罗德岛和新普利茅斯，同时，他还是新罕布什尔和纽约的总督。
83. 美洲的“光荣革命”（1689年） ——到这个时候查理二世已经死去，詹姆斯是英国的国王，英国人厌恶詹姆斯的程度不亚于新英格兰人厌恶安德罗斯。1688年英国人起义，推举奥兰治的威廉和他的妻子玛丽(詹姆斯的长女)为英国的国王和王后。与此相应，马萨诸塞的殖民者抓住安德鲁斯和他的爪牙们，将他们关进监狱（1689年4月18日）。康涅狄格和罗得岛的人驱逐了安德鲁斯的代理人，他们组建自己的旧政府。纽约也清除了安德鲁斯的代理总督。人们控制局势等待新国王和王后派来总督。实际上，所有的殖民地（除了马里兰之外）都宣称拥护威廉和玛丽。
84.新协定 ——有一两年的时间，威廉奔走于爱尔兰和大陆之间，终于，他有了时间参加殖民事务管理。威廉为宾夕法尼亚和马里兰任命王室总督，威廉·佩恩迅速收回自己的殖民地，但是，巴尔的摩人不得不等到夺回马里兰才收回自己的殖民地，他们等了许多年。纽约发生了一场可怕的灾难，新任总督斯劳特尔被说服判处那些带头反叛安德罗斯的人死刑。马萨诸塞没有恢复其旧有宪章，但是，她得到另外一份宪章，这份宪章规定，国王应该派来总督，但人们应该选出一个众议院，这个新协定最重要的影响是导致总督与人民的议员之间的分歧。缅因和新普利茅斯按照新宪章被纳入马萨诸塞，但新罕布什尔仍然是王室的一个省。
85. 殖民地（1700～1760年） ——这些年间移民纷纷涌进美洲，殖民地不断强大起来。各地竞相发展商业，并建了许多工厂。殖民地处处鼓励人们从事劳动，如果没有与印地安人和法国人的战争他们会非常幸福。除了这些战争，这些年间最重要的事件是卡罗莱纳领主制的废除和佐治亚的创建。
86.北卡罗莱纳和南卡罗莱纳 ——卡罗莱纳的领主和殖民地居民一向关系不合，现在更为紧张。大部分殖民地居民不进指定的教堂，但是，私有者试图剥夺那些不忠于教会的人的投票权。他们还干涉选举，试图阻止真实代表参加集会。他们不能保护人民，使之免于海盗的侵扰，这些海盗曾经围堵查理斯顿数周。1719年，查理斯顿的人们起义，国王随后予以干涉，并派出一名王室成员做总督，后来，国王买下了领主们的所有权利，这样卡罗莱纳变成了王室的一个省，很快这个地区被分为两个部分——南卡罗莱纳和北卡罗莱纳。其实，在卡罗莱纳一直以来都存在两个独立的殖民地。
87. 佐治亚的创建（1732年） ——在这段时间英格兰的一个惯例是将那些无力还债的人送进监狱，当然，这些贫穷的负债者中多数其实是勤劳的人，他们因为走了霉运或者疾病而负债。议员奥格尔索普将军到监狱中去调查，这些贫穷负债者的悲惨命运让他感到震惊，他决定为他们做些事。奥格尔索普将军和许多有善心的人获得南卡罗莱纳的一块土地作为殖民地，并根据给他们土地的乔治二世的名字命名它为佐治亚。议会也拿出钱，因为政府认为，在富足的卡罗莱纳种植园与佛罗里达西班牙人聚居地之间拥有一处殖民地非常可取。
88. 佐治亚（1733～1752年） ——自然，奥格尔索普毫不费力地获得了殖民地居民的拥戴，因为贫穷的负债者和其他受压迫的人非常愿意开始过新生活，1733年他们创建萨凡纳。然而，西班牙人一点也不愿意在距离佛罗里达如此近的地方安插一个英国的殖民地，他们攻击佐治亚人。奥格尔索普花了几年的时间与他们交战。佐治亚殖民地居民发现自身很难与卡罗莱纳的殖民地居民竞争，因为卡罗莱纳人有奴隶为他们干活。最后，他们做出让步，允许拥有奴隶，但是，这令佐治亚人极度沮丧，他们放弃手头产业将这个殖民地交给国王，这样佐治亚变成了王室的一个省。