THE COLONIES UNDER CHARLES II

查理二世的殖民统治

65. The Puritans and the Colonists, 1649～1660. —In 1649 Charles I was executed, and for eleven years the Puritans were supreme in England. During this time the New England colonists governed themselves, and paid little heed to the wishes and orders of England’s rulers. After some hesitation, the Virginians accepted the authority of Cromwell and the Puritans. In return they were allowed to govern themselves. In Maryland the Puritans overturned Baltimore’s governor and ruled the province for some years.

The Puritan in England. Higginson and Channing, English History for Americans, 182-195.The Colonies, 1649-60.

The Restoration, 1660. English History for Americans, 196.The Navigation Laws.

Charles II and Massachusetts.Massachusetts and the Quakers. Higginson, 80-81.

66. Colonial Policy of Charles II. —In 1660 Charles II became king of England or was “restored” to the throne, as people said at the time. Almost at once there was a great revival of interest in colonization, and the new government interfered vigorously in colonial affairs. In 1651 the Puritans had begun the system of giving the English trade only to English merchants and shipowners. This system was now extended, and the more important colonial products could be carried only to English ports.

67. Attacks on Massachusetts. —The new government was especially displeased by the independent spirit shown by Massachusetts. Only good Puritans could vote in that colony, and members of the Church of England could not even worship as they wished. The Massachusetts people paid no heed whatever to the navigation laws and asserted that acts of Parliament had

Charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island, 1662-63.New Haven absorbed by Connecticut.

no force in the colony. It chanced that at this time Massachusetts had placed herself clearly in the wrong by hanging four persons for no other reason than that they were Quakers. The English government thought that now the time had come to assert its power. It ordered the Massachusetts rulers to send other Quakers to England for trial. But, when this order reached Massachusetts, there were no Quakers in prison awaiting trial, and none were ever sent to England.

68. Connecticut and Rhode Island. —While the English government was attacking Massachusetts it was giving most liberal charters to Connecticut and to Rhode Island. Indeed, these charters were so liberal that they remained the constitutions of the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island until long after the American Revolution. The Connecticut charter included New Haven within the limits of the larger colony and thus put an end to the separate existence of New Haven.

The English conquest of New Netherland, 1664. Higginson. 97-98.

69. Conquest of New Netherland, 1664. —The English government now determined to conquer New Netherland. An English fleet sailed to New Amsterdam. Stuyvesant thumped up and down on his wooden leg. But he was almost the only man in New Amsterdam who wanted to fight. He soonsurrendered, and New Netherland became an English colony. The Dutch later recaptured it and held it for a time; but in 1674 they finally handed it over toEngland.

70. New York. —Even before the colony was seized in 1664, Charles II gave it away to his brother James, Duke of York and Albany, who afterward became king as James II. The name of New Netherland was therefore changed to New York, and the principal towns were also named in his honor, New York and Albany. Little else was changed in the colony. The Dutch were allowed to live very nearly as they had lived before, and soon became even happier and more contented than they had been under Dutch rule. Many English settlers now came in. The colony became rich and prosperous, but the people had little to do with their own government.

New Netherland given to the Duke of York and Albany.

Origin of New Jersey, 1664.

Settlement of New Jersey.

71. New Jersey. —No sooner had James received New Netherland from his brother than he hastened to give some of the best portions of it to two faithful friends, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley. Their territory extended from New York harbor to the Delaware River, and was named New Jersey in honor of Carteret’s defense of the island of Jersey against the Puritans. Colonists at once began coming to the new province and settled at Elizabethtown.

72. Later New Jersey. —Soon New Jersey was divided into two parts, East Jersey and West Jersey. West Jersey belonged to Lord Berkeley and he sold it to the Quakers. Not very many years later the Quakers also bought East Jersey. The New Jersey colonists were always getting into disputes with one another, so they asked Queen Anne to take charge of the government of the province. This she did by telling the governor of New York to govern New Jersey also. This was not what the Jersey people had expected. But they had their own legislature. In time also they secured a governor all to themselves and became a royal province entirely separate from New York. Pennsylvania and New York protected the Jersey people from the French and the Indians, and provided markets for the products of the Jersey farms. The colonists were industrious and their soil was fertile. They were very religious and paid great attention to education. New Jersey became very prosperous and so continued until the Revolution.

Prosperity.

Founding of Carolina, 1663. Higginson , 124-127.

Northern Carolina.Southern Carolina.

73. The Founding of Carolina. —The planting of New Jersey was not the only colonial venture of Carteret and Berkeley. With Lord Chancellor Clarendon and other noblemen they obtained from Charles land in southern Virginia extending southward into Spanish Florida. This great territory was named Carolina.

74. The Carolina Colonists. —In 1663, when the Carolina charter was granted, there were a few settlers living in the northern part of the colony. Other colonists came from outside mainly from the Barbadoes and settled on the Cape Fear River. In this way was formed a colony in northern Carolina. But the most important settlement was in the southern part of the province

at Charleston. Southern Carolina at once became prosperous. This was due to the fact that the soil and climate of that region were well suited to the cultivation of rice. The rice swamps brought riches to the planters, they also compelled the employment of large numbers of negro slaves. Before long, indeed, there were more negroes than whites in southern Carolina. In this way there grew up two distinct centers of colonial life in the province.

75. Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676. —By this time the Virginians had become very discontented. There had been no election to the colonial assembly since 1660 and Governor Berkeley was very tyrannical. The Virginians also wanted more churches and more schools. To add to these causes of discontent the Indians now attacked the settlers, and Berkeley seemed to take very little interest in protecting the Virginians. Led by Nathaniel Bacon the colonists marched to Jamestown and demanded authority to go against the Indians. Berkeley gave Bacon a commission. But, as soon as Bacon left Jamestown on his expedition, Berkeley declared that he was a rebel. Bacon returned, and Berkeley fled. Bacon marched against the Indians again, and Berkeley cameback, and so the rebellion went on until Bacon died. Berkeley then captured the other leaders one after another and hanged them. But when he returned to England, Charles II turned his back to him, saying, “The old fool has killed more men in Virginia than I for the murder of my father.”

Indian war.

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676.

Greedy Governors.Founding of William and Mary College, 1691.

King Philip’s War, 1675-76. Higginson , 137-138; Eggleston , 81-89.

William Penn.The Pennsylvania Charter, 1681.

76. Virginia after Bacon’s Rebellion. —The Virginians were now handed over to a set of greedy governors. Some of them came to America to make their fortunes. But some of them were governors whom the people of other colonies would not have. The only event of importance in the history of the colony during the next twenty-five years was the founding of William and Mary College (1691) at Williamsburg. It was the second oldest college in the English colonies.

77. King Philip’s War, 1675-76. —It was not only in Virginia and Maryland that the Indians were restless at this time. In New England also they attacked the whites. They were led by Massasoit’s son, King Philip, an able and farseeing man. He saw with dismay how rapidly the whites were driving the Indians away from their hunting-grounds. The Indians burned the English villages on the frontier and killed hundreds of the settlers. The strongest chief to join Philip was Canonchet of the Narragansetts. The colonial soldiers stormed his fort and killed a thousand Indian warriors. Before long King Philip himself was killed, and the war slowly came to an end.

78. William Penn. —Among the greatest Englishmen of that time was William Penn. He was a Quaker and was also a friend of Charles II and James, Duke of York. He wished to found a colony in which he and the Quakers could work out their ideas in religious and civil matters. It chanced that Charles owed Penn a large sum of money. As Charles seldom had any money, he was very glad to give Penn instead a large tract of land in America. In this way Penn obtained Pennsylvania. James, for his part, gave him Delaware.

79. Founding of Pennsylvania, 1682. —William Penn had a great reputation for honesty and fair dealing among the English Quakers and among the Quakers on the continent of Europe as well. As soon as it was known that he was to found a colony, great numbers of persons came to Pennsylvania from England and from Germany. In a very short time the colony became strong and prosperous. In the first place, the soil of Pennsylvania was richand productive while its climate was well suited to the growth of grain. In the second place, Penn was very liberal to his colonists. He gave them a large share in the government of the province and he allowed no religious persecution. He also insisted on fair and honest dealing with the Indians.

Settlement of Pennsylvania, 1682. Higginson , 101-105; Eggleston , 57-60; SourceBook , 67-69.

Mason and Dixon’s line. Its importance in history.

80. Mason and Dixon’s Line. —In the seventeenth century the geography of America was very little understood in Europe—and the persons who drew up colonial charters understood it least of all. Charter lines frequently overlapped and were often very indistinct. This was particularly true of the Maryland and Pennsylvania boundaries. Penn and Baltimore tried to come to an agreement; but they never could agree. Years afterward, when they were both dead, their heirs agreed to have a line drawn without much regard to the charters. This line was finally surveyed by two English engineers, Masonand Dixon, and is always called after their names. It is the present boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. In colonial days it separated the colonies where slavery was the rule from those where labor was generally free. In the first half of the nineteenth century it separated the free states fromthe slave states. Mason and Dixon’s line, therefore, has been a famous line in the history of the United States.

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65. 清教徒和殖民地（1649～1660年） ——1649年，查理一世被处死，在接下来的十一年间，清教徒在英格兰处于最高地位，新英格兰殖民地居民处于自治状态，几乎不理睬英格兰统治者的命令和意愿。经过一番犹豫，弗吉尼亚人接受了克伦威尔当局和清教徒，作为回报，当局政府允许他们自治。在马里兰，清教徒推翻了巴尔的摩的统治，他们统治这个地区数年。

66.查理二世的殖民政策 ——1660年查理二世成为英格兰国王，或者用当时人们的话说，他被“推回”到王位上。几乎与此同时，人们恢复了对殖民的极大兴趣，新政府强烈干预殖民事件。清教徒于1651年开始推行一个制度——只将英国贸易交给英国商人和船主，现在，这个制度被深化——来自殖民地的较为重要物产只能运往英国港口。

67.进攻马萨诸塞 ——马萨诸塞人表现出的独立精神令新政府非常不满。在这个殖民地，只有良善的清教徒才可以投票，英格兰教会成员甚至不可以根据自己的意愿来做礼拜；马萨诸塞人不在乎航海法规，并宣告说议会在这个殖民地没有约束力。此时恰巧发生了一件事情：马萨诸塞单单以教友派信徒为由处死四个人，毫无疑问马萨诸塞犯了错。英国政府认为到了宣示其权力的时候了，它命令马萨诸塞的统治者将其他教友派信徒送到英格兰接受询问，但是，当这个命令到达马萨诸塞时，没有教友派信徒在监狱中等候询问，也没有人被押送往英格兰。

68.康涅狄格和罗得岛 ——英国政府在进攻马萨诸塞的同时给康涅狄格和罗得岛提供最为自由的特许状，实际上，这些特许状如此慷慨大方，它们甚至保有了康涅狄格和罗得岛的地方宪法，这种情况一直维持到美洲革命。康涅狄格宪章将纽黑文纳入康涅狄格这个大殖民地，由此终结了纽黑文的独立存在。

69.征服新荷兰（1644年） ——英国政府决定征服新荷兰，一支英国舰队航行到新阿姆斯特丹，斯特文森特着急地用拳头上下捶打自己的木制大腿，但是，此时他几乎是新阿姆斯特丹唯一想迎战英国人的人。斯特文森特很快就投降了，新阿姆斯特丹成为英国的殖民地。荷兰人后来又夺回了新阿姆斯特丹，并占据一段时间，但是，1674年他们最终将这个地方交给了英格兰。

70.纽约 ——远在1664年夺取这块殖民地之前，查理二世就将这块殖民地送给他的兄弟约克郡和奥尔巴尼的公爵詹姆斯，此人后来变成国王詹姆斯二世。从此新荷兰变成了纽约，并且，主城为纪念公爵而命名为纽约和奥尔巴尼。在这块殖民地上没有其他多少变化，这里允许荷兰人过非常相似于以前的生活，他们很快变得比在荷兰人统治时期更加快乐和满足。此时，许多英国居住者赶来了，这块殖民地变得富足和繁荣起来，但是，人们尚未为建立自己的政府而有过行动。

71.新泽西 ——在从其兄弟那里获得新荷兰之后不久，詹姆斯就匆匆将这块土地中一些最好的部分送给自己的两个忠实朋友——乔治·卡特赖特爵士和罗德·伯克利，他们的领土从纽约港延伸到德拉威尔河，并且，为纪念卡特赖特保护泽西岛反抗葡萄牙人的进犯，他们将这里命名为新泽西。殖民者迅速来到这个新地区，并居住到伊丽莎白镇。

72.后来的新泽西 ——不久，新泽西被分为两个部分：东泽西和西泽西。西泽西属于罗德·伯克利，他将它卖给教友派信徒。又过了不几年，教友派信徒又买下了东泽西，新泽西的殖民地居民总是彼此争议不断，因此他们请女王安妮掌管这个地区。安妮接受请求，她让纽约总督兼管新泽西。安妮女王的做法不能令泽西人满意，但是，他们有自己的立法机关，他们也及时选定一个为他们自己利益着想的总督，新泽西变成王室的一个省，它完全独立于纽约的管制。宾夕法尼亚和纽约保护泽西人使之免受法国人和印第安人的进犯，并向他们提供交易泽西农副产品的市场。殖民地居民很勤奋，他们的土地也很肥沃。他们对宗教极其虔诚，非常重视教育。新泽西变得非常繁荣，这种繁荣景象一直延续到革命爆发。

73.卡罗莱纳的创建 ——卡特赖特和伯克利的殖民商业投机不仅仅在于新泽西的种植业，他们还和大法官克拉里登及其他贵族一起获得一大片土地，这片土地从弗吉尼亚南部的查尔斯岛向南延伸到西班牙的佛罗里达，他们把这片土地叫做卡罗莱纳。

74.卡罗莱纳殖民者 ——1663年，当卡罗莱纳宪章得到认可时，这片殖民地的北方只有很少一些人居住，其他殖民地居民主要来自巴巴多斯，他们居住在菲尔河的一角，这样在卡罗莱纳北部就形成了一个新的殖民地。但是，最重要的聚居地在查理斯顿，它位于这个地区的南部。南部卡罗莱纳迅速变得繁荣起来，是因为这里的土地和气候特别适于种植水稻，适合种植水稻的沼泽地让殖民地居民富足起来。他们还雇佣、压榨大量黑奴，实际上，卡罗莱纳北部的奴隶很快在数量上就超过了白人。如此以来，在这个地区就形成了两个截然不同的殖民生活中心。

75.培根叛乱（1676年） ——这时候的弗吉尼亚人已经变得非常不满，因为自1660年以来就没有举行过殖民议会选举，而总督伯克利又十分残暴。此外，弗吉尼亚人还想要更多的教堂和更多的学校，除了导致不满的这些原因，印第安人现在又要攻击移民，而殖民者在纳撒尼尔·培根蒂领下向詹姆斯敦进发，并索要征讨印第安人的权力。伯克利似乎不太关注对弗吉尼亚人的保护问题。他给培根一份委任状，但是，在培根离开詹姆斯敦开始其远征之际，伯克利宣布培根是一个叛乱分子。培根返回詹姆斯敦，伯克利则逃走。培根再次率队向印第安人进发，伯克利则回到詹姆斯敦，因此叛乱继续存在，直到培根死去。伯克利随后将其他带头叛乱的人一一抓获，并将他们绞死，但是，当他返回英格兰时，查理二世回过头来对他说：“此蠢驴在弗吉民亚杀的人，比我为报杀父之仇而杀的还要多。”

76.培根叛乱后的弗吉尼亚 ——弗吉尼亚人现在要向一大群贪婪的统治者交纳财税，这些统治者中有一些是来美洲发财的，但是，其中一些统治者的位子在其他殖民地中并不存在，在接下来的二十五年间唯一重要的历史事件是1691年威廉和玛丽学院在威廉斯堡创建，这是英国人在殖民地上创建的第二所大学。

77.金·菲利普的战争（1765～1776年） ——这个时候，并非只有在弗吉尼亚和马里兰的印第安人不安于现状，新英格兰的印第安人也攻击白人，领导他们的是马萨索易特的儿子金·菲利普，他是一个能干且有远见的人。菲利普沮丧地看到印第安人从他们的狩猎场上被白人赶走。印第安人烧毁边境地区英国人的村落并杀死数百个居住者，加入到菲利普行列的最强大的首领是纳拉干族的加农克特，殖民地士兵捣毁他的堡垒并杀死一千名印第安勇士。不久，金·菲利普被杀死，战争渐渐结束。

78.威廉·佩恩 ——威廉·佩恩是这个时期英国的伟人之一，他是一个教友派信徒，并且是查理二世和约克郡公爵詹姆斯的朋友。威廉·佩恩希望创建一处殖民地，他和教友派信徒可以在那里实现其关于民事和宗教事务的思想。碰巧查理二世欠佩恩一大笔钱，由于查理二世没有这么多钱，他非常愿意用美洲的一大片土地还这笔钱。佩恩就这样获得了宾夕法尼亚，至于詹姆斯，查理斯将德拉威尔送给他。

79.宾夕法尼亚的创建（1682年） ——威廉·佩恩有一个非常好的名声，他为人正直，公平对待英国教友派信徒和欧洲大陆的教友派信徒。一听说他要创建一处殖民地，很多人从德国和英格兰来到宾夕法尼亚，不久，这片殖民地变得强大和兴旺起来。首先，宾夕法尼亚的土地肥沃多产，而其气候也适于种植谷物；其次，佩恩对他的移民非常慷慨，他不仅从地方财政中拿出大块分红给这些人，杜绝宗教迫害，还坚持公平、正直地对待印第安人。

80.梅森和迪克逊边界线 ——17世纪的欧洲人对美国地理所知甚少，那些制定殖民宪章的人尤其于此所知寥寥。宪章划定的边界常常是彼此交叠，很不清楚。特别是，马里兰和宾夕法尼亚的边界的划分就是这个样子。佩恩和巴尔的摩试图就边界问题达成一致，但他们从来没能就此达成一致。几年后，他们死去时其继承人同意不严格遵守宪章画出一条边界线，这条线最终由英国工程师梅森和迪克逊勘定，通常被叫做“梅森和迪克森边界线”，这就是今天宾夕法尼亚和马里兰之间的边界线。在殖民年代，这条线将奴隶制殖民地和自由劳动的殖民地分开来；19世纪上半叶，这条线将自由的州和奴隶州隔离开来。因此，梅森和迪克森界线在美国历史上是一条非常著名的线。 ehfQSLv/uRdh/eulr1lhLO31lL++tc0zlx1nlujkEAtpTTqaRnemkJnvCxsDOaFM