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The Dutch East India Company.Henry Hudson.He discovers Hudson’s River, 1609. Higginson, 8890; Explorers, 281-296.
His death. Explorers 296-302.
57. The Dutch. —At this time the Dutch were the greatest traders and shipowners in the world. They were especially interested in the commerce of the East Indies. Indeed, the Dutch India Company was the most successful trading company in existence. The way to the East Indies lay through seas carefully guarded by the Portuguese, so the Dutch India Company hired Henry Hudson, an English sailor, to search for a new route to India.
58. Hudson’s Voyage, 1609. —He set forth in 1609 in the Half-Moon , a stanch little ship. At first he sailed northward, but ice soon blocked his way. He then sailed southwestward to find a strait, which was said to lead through America, north of Chesapeake Bay. On August 3, 1609, he reached the entrance of what is now New York harbor. Soon the Half-Moon entered the mouth of the river that still bears her captain’s name. Up, up the river she sailed, until finally she came to anchor near the present site of Albany. Theship’s boats sailed even farther north. Everywhere the country was delightful. The Iroquois came off to the ship in their canoes. Hudson received them most kindly—quite unlike the way Champlain treated other Iroquois Indians at about the same time, on the shore of Lake Champlain. Then Hudson sailed down the river again and back to Europe. He made one later voyage to America, this time under the English flag. He was turned adrift by his men inHudson’s Bay, and perished in the cold and ice.
59. The Dutch Fur-Traders. —Hudson’s failure to find a new way to India made the Dutch India Company lose interest in American exploration. But many Dutch merchants were greatly interested in Hudson’s account of the “Great River of the Mountain.” They thought that they could make money from trading for furs with the Indians. They sent many expeditions to Hudson’s River, and made a great deal of money. Some of their captains explored the coast northward and southward as far as Boston harbor and Delaware Bay. Their principal trading-posts were on Manhattan Island, and near the site of Albany. In 1614 some of the leading traders obtained from the Dutch government the sole right to trade between New France and Virginia. They called this region New Netherland.
The Dutch furtraders.
Settle on Manhattan Island.
New Netherland.The Dutch West India Company, 1621. Higginson , 9096; Explorers, 303-307; Source-book, 42-44.The patroons, 1628.
The patroons, 1628.
Governor Kieft.Kieft orders the Indians to be killed.
60. The Founding of New Netherland. —In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was founded. Its first object was trade, but it also was directed “to advance the peopling” of the American lands claimed by the Dutch. Colonists now came over; they settled at New Amsterdam, on the southern end of Manhattan Island, and also on the western end of Long Island. By 1628 there were four hundred colonists in New Netherland. But the colony did not grow rapidly, so the Company tried to interest rich men in the scheme of colonization, by giving them large tracts of land and large powers of government. These great land owners were called patroons. Most of them were not very successful. Indeed, the whole plan was given up before long, and land was given to any one who would come out and settle.
61. Kieft and the Indians, 1643～44. —The worst of the early Dutch governors was William Kieft (Keeft). He was a bankrupt and a thief, who
Results of the massacre.
Peter Stuyvesant. Higginson, 97.
was sent to New Netherland in the hope that he would reform. At first he didwell and put a stop to the smuggling and cheating which were common in the colony. Emigrants came over in large numbers, and everything seemed to be going on well when Kieft’s brutality brought on an Indian war that nearly destroyed the colony. The Indians living near New Amsterdam sought shelter from the Iroquois on the mainland opposite Manhattan Island. Kieft thought it would be a grand thing to kill all these Indian neighbors while they were collected together. He sent a party of soldiers across the river and killed many of them. The result was a fierce war with all the neighboring tribes. The Dutch colonists were driven from their farms. Even New Amsterdam with its stockade was not safe. For the Indians sometimes came within the stockade and killed the people in the town. When there were less than two hundred people left in New Amsterdam, Kieft was recalled, and Peter Stuyvesant was sent as governor in his stead.
THE DUTCH COLONY OF NEW AMSTERDAM.
62. Stuyvesant’s Rule. —Stuyvesant was a hot-tempered, energetic soldier who had lost a leg in the Company’s service. He ruled New Netherland for a long time, from 1647 to 1664. And he ruled so sternly that the colonists were glad when the English came and conquered them. This unpopularity was not entirely Stuyvesant’s fault. The Dutch West India Company was a failure. It had no money to spend for the defence of the colonists, and Stuyvesant was obliged to lay heavy taxes on the people.
63. New Sweden. —When the French, the English, and the Dutch were founding colonies in America, the Swedes also thought that they might as well have a colony there too. They had no claim to any land in America. But Swedish armies were fighting the Dutchmen’s battles in Europe. So theSwedes sent out a colony to settle on lands claimed by the Dutch. As long as the European war went on, the Swedes were not interfered with. But when the European war came to an end, Stuyvesant was told to conquer them. This he did without much trouble, as he had about as many soldiers as there were Swedish colonists. In this way New Sweden became a part of New Netherland.
The Swedes on the Delaware. Higginson, 106-108.
Stuyvesant conquers them.Summary.The Chesapeake Colonies.
The New England Colonies.
64. Summary. —We have seen how the French, the Dutch, the Swedish, and the English colonies were established on the Atlantic seashore and in the St. Lawrence valley. South of these settlements there was the earlier Spanish colony at St. Augustine. The Spanish colonists were very few in number, but they gave Spain a claim to Florida. The Swedish colony had been absorbed by the stronger Dutch colony. We have also seen how very unlike were the two English groups of colonies. They were both settled by Englishmen, but there the likeness stops. For Virginia and Maryland were slave colonies. They produced large crops of tobacco. The New England colonists on the other hand were practically all free. They lived in towns and engaged in all kinds of industries. In the next hundred years we shall see how the English conquered first the Dutch and then the French; how they planted colonies farto the south of Virginia and in these ways occupied the whole coast north of Florida.
中文阅读
57.荷兰人 ——这个时候，荷兰人是世界上最大的商人，他们拥有最大的船，对东印度地区的商贸特别感兴趣，荷兰东印度公司是他们促成的最为成功的商业公司。通往东印度地区的海路由葡萄牙人严密守护，因此，荷兰东印度公司雇佣英国水手亨利·哈得孙寻找通往印度的新航线。
58. 哈得孙的航海（1609年） ——哈得孙1609年乘“半月”号这艘坚固的小型舰艇出发，他首先向北行进，但是，不久冰阻止了他的前行，随之，哈得孙向南进发寻找一个据说是通往切萨皮克海湾北部美洲的海峡，在1609年8月3号，哈得孙到达现在的纽约港的入口处，很快“半月”号进入这条以她的船长的名字命名的河的河口，她一路前行，前行，最终在今天的奥尔巴尼附近抛锚，而舰艇上放下来的小船继续北上。这个国家处处都令人高兴，易洛魁族人乘着小舟从远处来到“半月”号，哈得孙以最和善的方式接受了他们，他对待他们的方式与同一时期尚普兰在尚普兰湖畔对待他们的方式截然不同。随后，哈得孙沿河回到欧洲。哈得孙后来再次航海去美洲，但这次是打着英国的旗帜，他被随从丢在哈得孙湾漂泊，死于严寒。
59.荷兰皮毛商人 ——哈得孙没有找到通往印度的新航线，这使得东印度公司失去了到美洲探险的兴趣。但是，许多荷兰皮毛商人为哈得孙描述的“高山大河”所深深打动，他们以为可以通过与印第安人的皮毛生意赚钱，这些人派出许多探险队去哈得孙河，并赚了很多钱。其中部分船长沿着河岸向北、向南分别直达波士顿港和特拉华海湾，他们的主要贸易支柱点在靠近奥尔巴尼的曼哈顿岛。1614年，一些最有影响的商人从荷兰政府那里获得在新法国和弗吉尼亚之间进行商业活动的独占权，他们把这个地区叫做新荷兰。
60.新荷兰的创建 ——1621年，荷兰西印度公司创建，它的首要任务是贸易，但是，荷兰人宣称它还要引导美洲“居住人口的提升”。此时，殖民者过来了，他们在曼哈顿岛南端的新阿姆斯特丹定居，也在长岛西端定居。截止到1628年，新荷兰有四百多名殖民地居民，但是，这个殖民地的发展并不快，西印度公司因此试图吸引殖民方案中的富人过来，于是，向他们提供大片土地和政府要职。这些拥有大片土地的人被叫做大庄园主，他们多数并不十分成功，实际上，不久整个计划都被搁浅，土地被送给所有来此定居的人。
61.基福特和印第安人（1643～1644年） ——早期荷兰总督中最坏的是威廉·基福特，他是一个破产者和小偷，是被发送到新荷兰改过自新的人。最初威廉·基福特做得很好，阻止了殖民地上常见的欺骗和走私。移民们纷至沓来，一切似乎井然有序，但是，基福特的残暴带来一场印第安人战争，这场战争几乎毁掉这片殖民地。居住在新阿姆斯特丹附近的印第安人从居住在曼哈顿岛对面大陆上的易洛魁族人那里寻求庇护，基福特认为，在这些印第安人邻居聚集在一起时杀死他们实为上策。他派出一支队伍过河杀死了许多印第安人，这导致了与所有邻近部族之间的一场残酷战争。印第安人将荷兰殖民者赶出农场，即使带有栅栏的新阿姆斯特丹也不是安全之所，因为印第安人有时靠近栅栏去杀死镇上的人。在镇上剩下不足两百人时，基福特被召回，彼得·斯特文森特接替他担任总督。
62.彼得·斯特文森特的统治 ——彼得·斯特文森特是一个急性子而又精力充沛的士兵，他在服务西印度公司期间失去一条腿。彼得·斯特文森特从1647年到1664年一直在统治新荷兰，他的统治非常严酷，被统治的殖民者甚至在英国人赶来征服他们时感到高兴。这并非完全是斯特文森的错。西印度公司经营不善，无钱应付殖民地防御开销，他也是被迫向人民征收繁重的赋税。
63.新瑞典 ——当法国人、英国人和荷兰人在美洲创建殖民地时，瑞典人也认为自己可以在那里拥有一个殖民地。瑞典人没有对美洲的任何土地宣称有什么主权，但是，瑞典的军队正在欧洲和荷兰人打仗，因此，瑞典人将一些人安置到荷兰人宣称有主权的土地上，只要欧洲战争不停下来，瑞典人此举就不会被阻碍。但是，当欧洲战争结束时，斯特文森特得到命令去征服瑞典人。斯特文森特毫不费力地完成了任务，因为他的士兵几乎和瑞典的殖民者一样多。这样新瑞典变成了新荷兰的一部分。
64.小结 ——我们已经看到，法国人、荷兰人、瑞典人和英国人怎样在大西洋海滨和圣劳伦斯河流域创建他们的殖民地，在这些殖民地的南方是早期西班牙人在圣奥古斯丁建的殖民地；西班牙殖民者的人数不多，但是，他们使得西班牙拥有佛罗里达；瑞典人的殖民地则被更强大的荷兰完全吞并。我们还看到，两个英国殖民地如何地迥然不同；它们都是由英国人创建，但自创建之初就表现出不同：弗吉尼亚和马里兰是奴隶殖民地，出产大量的烟草，新英格兰殖民者则是自由业者，它们生活在城镇中，从事各种各样的工业生产。在接下来的一百年里，我们将看到英国人如何先后征服荷兰和法国，如何在远离弗吉尼亚南部的地方培植殖民地并用这种方式占据佛罗里达北部的整个海岸。
QUESTIONS AND TOPICS
CHAPTER 4
§§ 26, 27.—a. Mark on a map all the places mentioned in these sections.
b. Describe Champlain’s attacks on the Iroquois.
§§ 28-30.—a. Compare the reasons for the coming of the French and the Spaniards.
b. What work did the Jesuits do for the Indians?
c. Explain carefully why the hostility of the Iroquois to the French was so important.
CHAPTER 5
§§ 31, 32.—a. Give two reasons for the revival of English colonial enterprises.
b. Describe the voyage and early experiences of the Virginia colonists.
c. Give three reasons for the sufferings of the Virginia colonists.
§§ 33-35.—a. What do you think of Sir Thomas Dale?
b. To what was the prosperity of Virginia due? Why?
c. What classes of people were there in Virginia?
§§ 36-38.—a. What is the meaning of the word “Puritan” (see § 43)? Why is Sir Edwin Sandys regarded as the founder of free government in the English colonies?
b. Describe the laws of Virginia as to Roman Catholics and Puritans.
§§ 39-41.—a. Describe Lord Baltimore’s treatment of his settlers. What do you think of the wisdom of his actions?
b. How were Roman Catholics treated in England?
c. What is meant by toleration? Who would be excluded by the Maryland Toleration Act?
d. Describe the likenesses and the differences between Virginia and Maryland.
CHAPTER 6
§§ 42-47.—a. Describe the voyage of the Mayflower b. What was the object of the Mayflower Compact
c. Describe the Pilgrims’ search for a place of settlement.
d. Read Bradford’s account of the first winter at Plymouth
e. What did Squanto do for the Pilgrims?
§§ 48-50.—a. What advantages did the founders of Massachusetts have over those of New Plymouth?
b. Look up the history of England, 1630-40, and say why so many colonists came to New England in those years.
c. On what matters did Roger Williams disagree with the rulers of Massachusetts?
d. How are Williams’s ideas as to religious freedom regarded now?
e. Why was Mrs. Hutchinson expelled from Massachusetts?
§§ 51-54.—a. How did the Pequod War affect the colonists on the Connecticut?
b. What is a constitution? Why did the Connecticut people feel the need of one? Why is the Connecticut constitution famous?
c. Why did the New Haven settlers found a separate colony?
§§ 55, 56.—a. What two parties were fighting in England
b. Give all the reasons for the formation of the New England Confederation. What were the effects of this union?
c. Compare the industries of New England with those of Virginia.
CHAPTER 7
§§ 57-59.—a. Why did the Dutch East India Company wish a northern route to India?
b. Describe Hudson’s and Champlain’s expeditions, and compare their treatment of the Iroquois.
c. What attracted the Dutch to the region discovered by Hudson?
§§ 60-62.—a. What was the object of the Dutch West India Company? What privileges did the patroons have?
b. Describe the career of Kieft. What were the results of his treatment of the Indians?
c. What kind of a governor was Stuyvesant? Why was he unpopular?
§ 63.—a. In what European war were the Swedes and the Dutch engaged?
b. On what land did the Swedes settle?
c. Describe how New Sweden was joined to New Netherland.
GENERAL QUESTIONS
a. Mark on a map in colors the lands settled by the different European nations.
b. Note the position of the Dutch with reference to the English, and explain the importance of such position.
c. Give one fact about each of the colonies, and state why you think it important.
d. Give one fact which especially interests you in connection with each colony, and explain your interest.
e. In which colony would you have liked to live, and why?
TOPICS FOR SPECIAL WORK
a. Champlain’s place in American history (Parkman’s Pioneers ).
b. The First American Legislature and its work (Hart’s Contemporaries , I., No. 65).
c. Why did the Pilgrims come to America? (Bradford’s Plymouth ).
d. Arrange a table of the several settlements similar to that described on page 18.
e. Write a composition on life in early colonial days (Eggleston’s United States , 91-113).
SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER
In treating this chapter aim to make clear the reasons for and conditions of the settlement of each colony. Vividness can best be obtained by a study of the writings of the time, especially of Bradford’s History of Plymouth . Use pictures in every possible way and molding board as well.
Emphasize the lack of true liberty of thought, and lead the children to understand that persecution was a characteristic of the time and not a failing of any particular colony or set of colonists.