NEW ENGLAND

新英格兰

The English Puritans.

Non-Conformists.Separatists.

The Scrooby Puritans. Higginson , 55-56; Eggleston , 34.

They flee toHolland.

42. The Puritans. —The New England colonies were founded by English Puritans who left England because they could not do as they wished in the home land. All Puritans were agreed in wishing for a freer government than they had in England under the Stuart kings and in state matters were really the Liberals of their time. In religious matters, however, they were not all of one mind. Some of them wished to make only a few changes in the Church. These were called Non-Conformists. Others wished to make so many changes in religion that they could not stay in the English State Church. These were called Separatists. The settlers of Plymouth were Separatists; the settlers of Boston and neighboring towns were Non-Conformists.

43. The Pilgrims. —Of all the groups of Separatists scattered over England none became so famous as those who met at Elder Brewster’s house at Scrooby. King James decided to make all Puritans conform to the State Church or to hunt them out of the land. The Scrooby people soon felt the weight of persecution. After suffering great hardships and cruel treatment they fled away to Holland. But there they found it very difficult to make living. They suffered so terribly that many of their English friends preferred to go to prison in England rather than lead such a life of slavery in Holland. So the Pilgrims determined to found a colony in America. They reasoned that they could not be worse off in America, because that would be impossible. At

all events, their children would not grow up as Dutchmen, but would still be

They decide to emigrate to America.

The voyage of the Mayflowe , 1620.

The Mayflowe at Cape Cod.

The Pilgrims Compact, 1620.

Englishmen. They had entire religious freedom in Holland; but they thought they would have the same in America.

44. The Voyage across the Atlantic. —Brewster’s old friend, Sir Edwin Sandys, was now at the head of the Virginia Company. He easily procured land for the Pilgrims in northern Virginia, near the Dutch settlements. Some London merchants lent them money. But they lent it on such harsh conditions that the Pilgrims’ early life in America was nearly as hard as their life had been in Holland. They had a dreadful voyage across the Atlantic in the Mayflowe . At one time it seemed as if the ship would surely go down. But the Pilgrims helped the sailors to place a heavy piece of wood under one of the deck beams and saved the vessel from going to pieces. On November 19, 1620, they sighted land off the coast of Cape Cod. They tried to sail around the cape to the southward, but storms drove them back, and they anchored in Provincetown harbor.

45. The Mayflower Compact, 1620 —All the passengers on the Mayflowe were not Pilgrims. Some of them were servants sent out by the London merchants to work for them. These men said that as they were outside of Virginia, the leaders of the expedition would have no power over them as soon as they got on land. This was true enough, so the Pilgrims drew up and signed a compact which obliged the signers to obey whatever was decided to be for the public good. It gave the chosen leaders power to make the unruly obey their commands.

The Pilgrims explore the coast. Explorers, 328.

319-

Plymouth settled. Higginson, 58-60; Eggleston, 35-38; Source-Book, 39-41.Sickness and death.

The Pilgrims and the Indians. Explorers, 333-337.

Success of the colony.

New Plymouth colony.

46. The First Winter at Plymouth. —For nearly a month the Pilgrims explored the shores of Cape Cod Bay. Finally, on December 21, 1620, a boat party landed on the mainland inside of Plymouth harbor. They decided to found their colony on the shore at that place. About a week later the Mayflowe anchored in Plymouth harbor. For months the Pilgrims lived on the ship while working parties built the necessary huts on shore. It was in the midst of a cold New England winter. The work was hard and food and clothing were not well suited to the worker’s needs. Before the Mayflowe sailed away in the spring one-half of the little band was dead.

47. New Plymouth Colony. —Of all the Indians who once had lived near Plymouth only one remained. His name was Squanto. He came to the Pilgrims in the spring. He taught them to grow corn and to dig clams, and thus saved them from starvation. The Pilgrims cared for him most kindly as long as he lived. Another and more important Indian also came to Plymouth. He was Massasoit, chief of the strongest Indian tribe near Plymouth. With him the Pilgrims made a treaty which both parties obeyed for more than fiftyyears. Before long the Pilgrims’ life became somewhat easier. They worked hard to raise food for themselves, they fished off the coasts, and bought

furs from the Indians. In these ways they got together enough money to pay back the London merchants. Many of their friends joined them. Other towns were settled near by, and Plymouth became the capital of the colony of New Plymouth. But the colony was never very prosperous, and in the end was added to Massachusetts.

48. The Founding of Massachusetts, 1629-30. —Unlike the poor and humble Pilgrims were the founders of Massachusetts. They were men of wealth and social position, as for instance, John Winthrop and Sir Richard Saltonstall. They left comfortable homes in England to found a Puritan state in America. They got a great tract of land extending from the Merrimac to the Charles, and westward across the continent. Hundreds of colonists came over in the years 1629-30. They settled Boston, Salem, and neighboring towns. In the next ten years thousands more joined them. From the beginning Massachusetts was strong and prosperous. Among so many people there were some who did not get on happily with the rulers of the colony.

Founders of Massachusetts. Explorers 341361; Source-book 45-48, 7476.

Settlement of Massachusetts, 1630. Higginson, 60-64; Eggleston, 39-41.

Roger Williams expelled from Massachusetts. Higginson, 6870.

He founds Providence, 1636. Sourcebook, 52-54.

49. Roger Williams and Religious Liberty. —Among the newcomers was Roger Williams, a Puritan minister. He disagreed with the Massachusetts leaders on several points. For instance, he thought that the Massachusetts people had no right to their lands, and he insisted that the rulers had no power in religious matters—as enforcing the laws as to Sunday. He insisted on these points so strongly that the Massachusetts government expelled him from the colony. In the spring of 1636, with four companions he founded the town of Providence. There he decided that every one should be free to worship God as he or she saw fit

50. The Rhode Island Towns. —Soon another band of exiles came from Massachusetts. These were Mrs. Hutchinson and her followers. Mrs. Hutchinson was a brilliant Puritan woman who had come to Boston from England to enjoy the ministry of John Cotton, one of the Boston ministers. She soon began to find fault with the otherministers of the colony. Naturally, they did not like this. Their friends were more numerous than were Mrs. Hutchinson’s friends, and the latter had to leave Massachusetts. They settled on the island of Rhode Island (1637).

Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends.

They settle Rhode Island, 1637.

The Connecticut colonists.Founding of Connecticut, 1635-36. Higginson , 71-72.

Destruction of the Pequods, 1637.

51. The Connecticut Colony. —Besides those Puritans whom the Massachusetts people drove from their colony there were other settlers who left Massachusetts of their own free will. Among these were the founders of Connecticut. The Massachusetts people would gladly have had them remain, but they were discontented and insisted on going away. They settled the towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Weathersfield, on the Connecticut River. At about the same time John Winthrop, Jr., led a colony to Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut. Up to this time the Dutch had seemed to have the best chance to settle the Connecticut Valley. But the control of that region was now definitely in the hands of the English

52. The Pequod War, 1637. —The Pequod Indians were not so ready as the Dutch to admit that resistance was hopeless. They attacked Wethersfield. They killed several colonists, and carried others away into captivity. Captain John Mason of Connecticut and Captain John Underhill of Massachusetts went against them with about one hundred men. They surprised the Indians in their fort. They set fire to the fort, and shot down the Indians as they strove to escapefrom their burning wigwams. In a short time the Pequod tribe was destroyed.

53. The First American Constitution, 1638-39. —The Connecticutcolonists had leisure now to settle the form of their government.Massachusetts had such a liberal charter that nothing more seemed to be necessary in that colony. The Mayflower Compact did well enough for the Pilgrims. The Connecticut people had no charter, and they wanted something more definite than a vague compact. So in the winter of 1638-39 they met at Hartford and set down on paper a complete set of rules for their guidance. This was the first time in the history of the English race thatany people had tried to do this. The Connecticut constitution of 1638-39 is therefore looked upon as “the first truly political written constitution in history.” The government thus established was very much the same as that of Massachusetts with the exception that in Connecticut there was no religious condition for the right to vote as there was in Massachusetts.

The Connecticut Orders of 1638- 39.

The New Haven settlers.

New Haven founded, 1638. Higginson, 72-73.

Reasons for union.Articles of Confederation, 1643.New England towns. Higginson , 47-79.

54. New Haven, 1638. —The settlers of New Haven went even farther than the Massachusetts rulers and held that the State should really be a part of the Church. Massachusetts was not entirely to their tastes. They passed only one winter there and then moved away and settled New Haven. But this colony was not well situated for commerce, and was too near the Dutch settlements. It was never as prosperous as Connecticut and was finally joinedto that colony.

55. The New England Confederation, 1643. —Besides the settlements that have already been described there were colonists living in New Hampshire and in Maine. Massachusetts included the New Hampshire towns within her government, for some of those towns were within her limits. In 1640 the Long Parliament met in England, and in 1645 Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans destroyed the royal army in the battle of Naseby. In these troubled times England could do little to protect the New England colonists, and could do nothing to punish them for acting independently. The New England colonists were surrounded by foreigners. There were the French on the north and the east, and the Dutch on the west. The Indians, too, were living in their midst and might at any time turn on the whites and kill them. Thinking all these things over, the four leading colonies decided to join together for protection. They formed the New England Confederation, and drew up a constitution. The colonists living in Rhode Island and in Maine did not belong to the Confederation, but they enjoyed many of the benefits flowing from it; for it was quite certain that the Indians and the French and the Dutch would think twice before attacking any of the New England settlements.

56. Social Conditions. —The New England colonies were all settled on the town system, for there were no industries which demanded large plantations—as tobacco-planting. The New Englanders were small farmers, mechanics, ship-builders, and fishermen. There were few servants in New England and almost no negro slaves. Most of the laborers were free men and worked for wages as laborers now do. Above all, the New Englanders were very zealous in the matter of education. Harvard College was founded in 1636. A few years later a law was passed compelling every town to provide schools for all the children in the town.

Education.

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42.清教徒 ——新英格兰殖民地由英国清教徒创立，他们因为在家乡不能实现理想而离开英格兰。所有清教徒都希望看到一个更为自由的政府，这个政府比英格兰的斯图亚特王朝更给人以自由。他们都认为自己是那个时代国家事务的自由人。然而，在宗教事务中他们意见不一，有的人仅仅希望在教堂中做出一点改变，这就是非英国国教徒；其他人则希望在宗教事务中做出许多改革，从而使得他们不可能聚集到英国国教中，这些人就是所谓分离主义者。普利茅斯的聚居者是分离主义者，而波士顿和附近城镇的居民都是非英国国教徒。

43.朝圣者 ——英格兰各地分散聚居着许多分离主义者群体，它们都没有斯科罗比聚集在老布鲁斯特家族的那些人著名。詹姆斯国王下了决心，要让所有清教徒都服从于国教，否则，就把他们逐出英格兰。斯科罗比人很快就感受到这种迫害的压力，他们历经磨难逃往荷兰，但是，他们发现在荷兰谋生非常困难，他们的遭遇非常之惨，以至于他们的英国朋友当中有许多人宁愿选择进英格兰的监狱也不想在荷兰过这种奴隶生活。因此，朝圣者决心在美洲创建一片殖民地，他们认为自己在美洲的处境不可能会更糟糕，因为这种情况是不可能出现的，无论如何，他们的孩子长大将不会像是荷兰人，而仍然是英国人。朝圣者在荷兰有宗教自由，但是，他们认为自己在美洲也有会有同样的自由。

44.横穿大西洋的航行 ——此时，布鲁斯特的老朋友埃德温·森迪斯爵士是弗吉尼亚公司的领导者，他轻而易举地在弗吉尼亚北部靠近荷兰聚居地的地方为朝圣者获得一片土地，一些伦敦商人借给他们钱，但是，他们为之付出了惨痛代价，朝圣者最初在美洲的生活一如他们在荷兰的生活一样艰辛。他们乘坐“五月花”号船，经过艰难的航行穿过大西洋，有一次他们的船似乎注定要沉入大海，但是，朝圣者帮助水手们将一块沉重的木板放到甲板平衡木的下面，船才免于厄运。1620年11月19日，他们远远地看到科德角的陆地，并试图绕过科德角向南航行，但是，风暴将他们赶回来，他们在普罗文森特港口抛锚。

45. 《“五月花”号公约》（1620年） ——并非“五月花”号上的所有乘客都是朝圣者，他们当中有些人是伦敦商人派出去为他们干活的雇佣工，这些人说，由于他们走出了弗吉尼亚，探险队的首领在他们登上陆地之后就没有了管束他们的权力。他们说的一点也不假，因此，朝圣者草拟并签订了一个公约，这个公约要求签约者服从所有为公共利益而做出的决定，并授权选出的首领们管制不服从他们命令的人。

46.普利茅斯的第一个冬天 ——朝圣者在科德角海湾的探险经历了大约一个月，最后，在1620年的12月21日，一支小船组成的船队到达普利茅斯港，他们决心在这个地方的海滨建立殖民地。大约一周后，“五月花”号船在普利茅斯港抛锚。为了等待工人在海岸上构筑必要的棚屋，朝圣者连续几个月生活在船上，这时已经是新英格兰冬天最冷的季节。构筑房屋的工作非常艰难，食物和衣服供给不能满足工人的需要，在春天“五月花”号离开普利茅斯时，岸上的工人有一半已经死去。

47.新普利茅斯殖民地 ——在所有生活在普利茅斯附近的印第安人中只有一个幸存下来，他的名字叫斯匡托 。斯款托春天加入到朝圣者当中，他教朝圣者种植谷物和掏挖蛤肉，这样使得他们免于被饿死。从此，朝圣者悉心照料斯款托，直到他去世。另一个更为重要的印第安人马萨索易特也来到普利茅斯，他是普利茅斯附近最强大的印第安部族首领，朝圣者与马萨索易特签订一个协定，双方遵守这个协定达十五年以上。不久之后，朝圣者的生计得到相对的改善，他们非常努力，自种自食、出海打渔、向印第安人购买皮货。这段时间里他们攒够了用以偿还伦敦商人的钱，他们的许多朋友加入他们的队伍，在附近建起了其他城镇，普利茅斯成为新普利茅斯殖民地的首府。但是，这个殖民地从来都没有非常的繁荣，最终它被并入马萨诸塞。

48. 马萨诸塞的创建（1629～1630年） ——马萨诸塞的创建者不像朝圣者那样贫穷和可怜，他们有一定的社会地位和财富，如约翰·文思罗普和理查德·桑顿斯多爵士。这些人离开自己在英格兰舒适的家园到美洲创建一个清教徒的居住地，他们得到一大片土地，这块土地从梅里麦克延伸到查尔斯，并且向西穿过大陆。1629～1630年，数以百计的殖民者来到这里，他们创建了波斯顿和塞伦，并在它们周边建起一些小镇。接下来的十年间，又有数千人来到这里居住。马萨诸塞自诞生起就是强大而富足的，但是，其中有一些人与殖民地的统治者相处并不愉快。

49.罗杰·威廉姆斯和宗教自由 ——罗杰·威廉姆斯是新到马萨诸塞的人之一，他是一名清教徒事务官，在几个方面与马萨诸塞的首领观点不合，例如，罗杰·威廉姆斯认为马萨诸塞的人没有土地所有权，并且他坚持认为管理者没有权力插手宗教事务，如就星期日给出强制性的法律。罗杰·威廉姆斯强硬地坚持这些观点，这导致马萨诸塞政府将他驱逐出这个殖民地。1636年春天，罗杰·威廉姆斯和他的四个同伴创建小镇普罗维登斯，他规定在这个小镇上所有的人都应该以自己的方式崇拜上帝。

50.罗得岛小镇 ——很快又有一些放逐者从马萨诸塞赶来，他们是哈钦森夫人和她的随从们。哈钦森夫人是一位杰出的清教徒，她曾经从英格兰赶到波士顿为波士顿大臣之一约翰·科顿效力。哈钦森夫人很快就发现这片殖民地上其他大臣的错误之处，自然，这些人也不喜欢她。这些人的朋友比哈钦森夫人的朋友多得多，她不得不离开马萨诸塞。他们在罗得岛安了家（1637年）。

51.康涅狄格殖民地 ——除了被马萨诸塞人驱逐的那些清教徒，在此定居的还有一些自愿离开马萨诸塞的人，其中一些人就是康涅狄格的创建者，马萨诸塞人非常希望这些人留下来，但是，他们表示不满，并坚持离开马萨诸塞。他们在康涅狄格河畔的哈特福德、温莎和怀特菲尔德定居。大约与此同时，小约翰·温思罗普带着一部分人来到康涅狄格河河口的塞布鲁克。此时，似乎荷兰人最有机会在康涅狄格流域定居，但是，事实上这个地区牢牢掌控在英国人的手里。

52. 皮库德之战（1637年） ——皮库德的印第安人并不像荷兰人一样认为抵抗毫无希望，他们向怀特菲尔德发起进攻，杀死一些殖民者并将另一些殖民者关进大牢。康涅狄格的长官约翰·梅森和马萨诸塞的长官约翰·安得希尔带领一百人前往镇压，他们向要塞中的印第安人发动突然袭击，开枪射杀那些试图从起火的窝棚中逃跑的印第安人，很快，皮库德部族被摧毁了。

53. 第一部美国宪法（1638～1639年） ——此时，康涅狄格的殖民者有时间对他们的政府架构做出形式调整。《“五月花”号公约》足以管理朝圣者，但是，康涅狄格人没有特许状，他们需要一个比模糊合约更为确定性的东西。因此，1638～1639年他们在哈特福德集会以书面形式制定一整套导引其生活的规则。虽然所有的民族都曾经试图这么做过，但是，在历史上真正像英国人这么去做是第一次。因此，《1638～1639康涅狄格宪法》被认为是“历史上第一部书面的、真正具有政治意义的宪法”。由此组建的政府非常接近于马萨诸塞的政府，只不过，与马萨诸塞不同，在康涅狄格不给投票权附加上任何宗教条件。

54.纽黑文 （1638年） ——移居纽黑文的人比马萨诸塞的统治者更为激进，他们认为这个地方其实应该是教堂的一部分。马萨诸塞并不完全符合这些人的口味，他们仅仅在马萨诸塞待了一个冬天便来到纽黑文，但是，这个殖民地不适合商业贸易，并且距离荷兰人的聚居地也太近。纽黑文从未像康涅狄格那么繁荣，最终它被并入康涅狄格。

55.新英格兰联邦（1643年） ——除了已经描述过的那些移民，还有一些殖民者生活在新罕布什尔和缅因。马萨诸塞将新罕布什尔的部分城镇纳入自己的辖区，因为这些城镇中有一部分在它的掌控之下。1640年英格兰的议会冗长未果，而1645年奥利弗·克伦威尔和清教徒在纳斯比战斗中打败了皇家军队，在这个艰难时期，英格兰能为保护新英格兰殖民地居民所做的十分有限，甚至无力讨伐独立运动。新英格兰殖民地居民被外国人所包围，他们的北方和东方是法国人，西方是荷兰人，而印第安人生活在殖民者聚居地，随时可能与白人相遇并杀死白人。考虑到这些，四个主要的殖民地决定联合在一起自卫。他们组建新英格兰联邦，并制定一部宪法。生活在罗得岛和缅因的殖民地居民不属于这个联邦，但是，他们从这个联邦获益匪浅，因为，毫无疑问，印第安人、法国人和荷兰人要攻击新英格兰的居住地必须三思而后行。

56.社会条件 ——新英格兰的殖民地居民都居住在这个城镇网络中，因为这里没有那些需要大种植园（如烟草种植）的工业，新英格兰人是一些小农、手工业者、造船者和渔夫。在新英格兰没有雇佣工，也几乎没有黑奴。多数劳动者是自由人，他们如今天的劳动者一样为工资而劳动。尤其是新英格兰人非常热衷于教育。1636年，他们创建哈佛大学，几年后他们通过一个法律强制所有的城镇为镇上的孩子建立学校。 ehfQSLv/uRdh/eulr1lhLO31lL++tc0zlx1nlujkEAtpTTqaRnemkJnvCxsDOaFM