莎士比亚曾说:言以简洁为贵(Brevity is the soul of wit)。行文也好,说话也罢,都要求简洁明了,言简意赅。要做到这一点,省略是必须用的。
英文句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确的信息而不必出现,或前面已出现的某些成分,为了避免不必要的重复,可以不再出现而不至于引起误解或歧义,这种语言现象叫作省略。省略是一种避免重复、突出关键词语并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。毫不夸张地说,掌握了省略的用法,才能真正读懂英文的复杂句型,写出高妙的英文句子。
1.主语的省略
a)In order to keep fit,you shouldn’t eat morethan is good for you.(=than what is good for you.)
要保持健康,你不能吃的过量。
b)In fact,they would rather leave for New Yorkthan stay in London.(=than they stay in London.)
事实上,他们宁可去往纽约而不是待在伦敦。
2.谓语动词的省略
Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.(=conference makes a ready man;and writing makes an exact man.)
读书使人充实;交谈使人敏捷;写作使人精确。
3.主语和谓语的省略
a)The new larger passenger jets have made the traffic jam at airports worsethan ever before.(=than it was ever before.)
体积更大的新型喷气式客机使得机场的交通堵塞比以前更糟糕。
b)The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered,butthe disturbance of dreaming.(=the disturbance of dreaming that mattered.)
所有这些表明,并不是打扰睡眠产生了作用,而是打扰做梦产生了作用。
4.名词短语的中心词的省略
An hour in the morning isworth two in the evening.(=worth two hours in the evening.)
早上一小时值得晚上两小时。
1.并列结构中的省略
在并列句中,后面的分句往往省略和上文相同的部分,以避免重复,例:
a)To some life is pleasure,andto others suffering.(=to others life is suffering.)
有些人认为生活是乐趣,而有些人认为生活是痛苦。
b)It doesn’t matter whether he is for oragainst the proposal.(=he is against the proposal.)
他支持或反对这项提案,都没关系。
c)My office is on the first floor andhers on the second.(=hers is on the second floor.)
我的办公室在一层,她的在二层。
d)They attempted to escape,butin vain.(=they attempted to escape in vain.)
他们试图逃脱,但失败了。
2.状语从句的省略
A.在状语从句中,最常见的省略方式是:如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,同时从句的谓语中含有系动词be,则可将从句的主语和be动词省略。这种省略现象在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句等中最常见,例:
(1)时间状语从句的省略。
a)When in difficulty,I always think of my teacher.(=When I am in difficulty)
遇到困难时,我总会想到我的老师。
b)He had an accidentwhile on his way to work.(=while he was on his way to work)
他在上班的路上出了事故。
(2)条件状语从句的省略。
a)If taken good care of,the bird can live as long as 3 years.(=If it is taken good care of)
如果精心照料,这种鸟可活到3年。
b)Someone travelling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill,often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.(=if he was hungry,injured,or ill)
一个人独自旅行时,如果饿了、受了伤或者生了病,往往除了最近的小屋或居住地就无处可去了。
(3)让步状语从句的省略。
a)The prospects for cure,though still distant,are brighter.(=though they are still distant)
治愈的前景尽管依然遥远,但却更加光明了。
b)Judges,however wise or eminent,are human and can make mistakes.(=however wise or eminent they are)
无论多么聪明或出名,法官毕竟是人,而且可能会犯错的。
(4)方式状语从句的省略。
a)He glanced aboutas if in search of something.(=as if he were in search of something)
他四处扫视,似乎在寻找什么。
b)She waitedas though for a reply.(=as though she waited for a reply)
她等待着,似乎在等待一个答复。
B.特殊省略
(1)让步状语从句的特殊省略。如果让步状语从句的主语和主句的主语不相同,且从句的谓语是系动词be,则be往往省略,例:
a)I must get an airline ticketwhatever the cost.(=whatever the cost is)
无论价格多少,我必须买到一张机票。
b)I refused,however favorable the condition.(=however favorable the condition was)
我拒绝了,无论开出的条件多么优越。
(2)比较状语从句的省略。由于比较状语从句的两个分句在结构和内容上通常极为相似,因此子句中重复主句的部分经常可省略或替代,例:
a)There cannot be as close a network of railsas of roads.(=as a network of roads)
铁路网不能像公路网那样稠密。
b)The man drank a little morethan was good for him.(=than what was good for him)
那人酒喝多了。
(3)as引导的定语从句的省略。在as引导的定语从句中,如果谓语是系动词be,则be常常省略,例:
I hope all the precautions against air pollution,as suggested by the local government,will be seriously considered here.(=as are suggested by the local government)
我希望当地政府提出的关于空气污染的预防措施在这里能得到认真考虑。
(4)关系代词what,whose,关系副词how,when,where,及whether引导从句或不定式时,其前面的of,about,as to常省略,例:
a)Batshave a problem how to find their way around in the dark.(=have a problem of how)
蝙蝠在黑暗中很难找到飞行路线。
b)I’m notaware how he persuaded her.(=aware of how)
我不知道他如何去劝她。
Hehesitated what to do.(=hesitated about what)
该做什么,他很犹豫。