英文的比较结构是一个相对复杂的语法现象,用来表达人或物的属性或特征的不同程度。广义而言,比较结构有两大类:以than引导的差级比较和以as引导的同级比较,例:
a)The boy is more diligentthan his younger sister.
这个男孩比他的妹妹学习用功。
b)Every month,I earn as much moneyas Frank does.
我每月赚的钱和弗兰克一样多。
注:只有两个同类事物才能比较,不是同类事物是不能比较的,例:
The weather of the South is wetter than the North.(×)
这是典型的错句,因为The weather of the South和the North不是同类事物,故不能比较。所以该句应改写成:The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North(为避免重复,将前面的the weather用that替代)。
此外,as引导比较句时前面可加much或just起加强语气的作用,例:
The workstation enables engineers to produce chips right on their desks,much as an editor creates a newsletter on a computer.
工作站可以让工程师们就在桌子上制造芯片,如同一位编辑在电脑上写时事通讯一样。
由于比较结构存在相同性质的比较对象,所以经常出现表达的重复,为了避免累赘,常使用替代和省略手段,例:
a)Tom likes pop music morethan his younger sister likes pop music.
b)Tom likes pop music morethan his younger sister likes it.(it替代pop music)
c)Tom likes pop music morethan his younger sister does.(助动词does替代动词likes)
d)Tom likes pop music morethan his younger sister.(省略谓语)
e)Tom likes pop music more.(省略从句)
如果than或as引导的比较状语从句中的主语较长(主语必须是名词,代词则不行),则可以将从句中的助动词/情态动词/系动词放到名词主语之前,实行倒装,以避免头重脚轻,例:
He performed much betterthan did most of his colleagues.
他比大多数同事表现好得多。
然而在实际应用中,有很多复杂的特殊比较结构,下面进行逐一介绍:
1.not so/as...as...
该结构是as...as...的否定形式,表示“不像……那样……”,强调后者(第二个as后面连接的对象)的程度胜过或重于前者,例:
a)He is not as stingy as many people assume.
他并不像许多人想象的那么吝啬。
b)People are not so credulous as they used to be.
人们不像从前那样轻信别人了。
2.not so much...as.../not...so much as...
该结构有两种形式,但与not as...as...的原理是一样的,只不过多了一个程度副词much,可翻译为“与其……不如……”,例:
Li Yu was not so much a king as a poet.
李煜与其说是个国君,不如说是个词人。
3.as...,so...
该结构是一个固定形式,可翻译为“正如……,同样……”;或“随着……,于是……”,so后面的句子常用倒装形式,例:
a)As food nourishes the body,sodo books enrich the mind.
(正如)食物滋养身体,(同样)书本丰富心灵。
b)As you sow,sowill you reap.
种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
4.A is to B what/as C is to D
该结构是一个固定形式,可理解为“A之于B如同C之于B(同等重要/不可缺少)”,例:
a)Personality is to man what/as perfume is to a flower.
品格之于人,如同芳香之于花朵(同等重要)。
或:人的品格,犹如花的芳香。
b)Air is to man what/as water is to fish.
空气对于人,如同水对于鱼不可缺少。
5.The+比较级+其他成分,the+比较级+其他成分
该结构也是固定形式,可理解为“越……,就越……”。但请注意,这个结构中的两部分意义上并不是并列平行的,而是从句和主句的关系,前面一部分为从句,后面为主句。一般而言,这两部分的逻辑关系是:条件/原因+结果。所以该结构的深层含义是:(If/As)the+比较级+其他成分,the+比较级+其他成分,例:
a)The greater efforts you make,the more glories you are likely to gain.
付出的努力越多,得到的荣耀就可能越多。
b)The higher an official is,the greater responsibility he will take.
官员的职位越高,承担的责任就越大。
6.more than...
(1)more than+数词,表示“比……多”,同理,less than+数词表示“比……少”,例:
a)He can earn more than 10,000 yuan per month.
他每月可赚到1万多元。
b)He stayed in Britain for less than 5 months.
他在英国待了不足5个月。
(2)more than+形容词/副词/动词,表示程度的强烈,可理解为“非常,远远,极其,加倍”等,例:
a)You must bemore than diligent for the coming terminal test.
你必须为了即将到来的期末考试加倍努力。
b)His abilities weremore than appreciated by the new boss.
新老板对他的能力极其欣赏。
(3)more than...can....
该结构表示“无法……”或“不能……”,例:
a)The hot weather is more than I can bear.
这种炎热的天气我简直不能忍受。
b)His loss is more than money can compensate for.
他的损失是金钱无法补偿的。
(4)not...any more than...=no more...than...
该结构可理解为“与……一样都不……”,其中than后面的句子表面是肯定形式,实则表达否定含义,例:
Incorporating jazz elements into pop music doesnot make it jazz,any more than putting chili pepper into a McDonald’s hamburger into Sichuan cuisine.
将爵士乐元素融入流行乐并不能将其变成爵士乐,正如同将辣椒放入麦当劳的汉堡包也无法将其变成四川美食一样。
(5)常用的、易混淆的几种比较结构
no more than=only仅仅,只是
no less than=as much as多达,高达;简直
no more...than...=neither...nor...与……都不……
no less...than...=both...and...与……都……
not more than=less than至多,比……少
not less than=more than至少,不少于
not more...than=less...than比……少
not less...than=more...than比……多
例:
a)What he did wasno less than a miracle.
他所做的简直就是奇迹。
b)He isno more than 10.
他才10岁。
c)He isno less than 10.
他都10岁了。
d)Growing old isno more than a bad habit that a busy man has no time to form.
衰老不过是忙碌之人无暇培养的坏习惯而已。
7.用times表达的倍数关系
在英文中,除了用than,as来对两个事物进行比较外,还可以用times来说明两个事物之间的倍数关系,可用以下三种句型:
(1)A is twice/three times/four times/etc....+as+形容词+as+B
(2)A is twice/three times/four times/etc....+形容词比较级+than+B
(3)A is twice/three times/four times/etc....+the+(形容词对应的名词形式)+of+B,如:big→size;long→length;wide→width;heavy→weight.
例:
a)The house is three times as big as that one.
这个房子是那个房子的三倍大。
b)The house is twice bigger than that one.
这个房子比那个房子大两倍。
c)The house is three times the size of that one.
这个房子是那个房子的三倍大。