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第七章 倒装结构

英文句子有两种语序,一种是自然语序,又称正装语序,另一种就是倒装语序。从形式上看,倒装分为两种:全部倒装和部分倒装。谓语动词全部位于主语前面的称作全部倒装,这里的谓语动词必须是运动性/存在性不及物动词(用vi.表示);只将谓语的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)位于主语前面的称作部分倒装,这里的谓语是及物动词(用vt.表示)。倒装的主要作用是表示强调或调整句子平衡,具体哪种作用要视情况而定。但是不论是哪种倒装,都必须要在最前面加上某些必要成分才能成为完整意义上的倒装,即必要成分+vi.+主语+其他成分(部分倒装),必要成分+助动词/情态动词+主语+vt.+其他成分(部分倒装)。这些必要成分就是下面讲述的重点内容。

第一节 完全倒装

1.表示地点或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首

a)There came the bus.(come为运动性不及物动词)

公交车来了。

b)Into the forest ran the small rabbit.(run为运动性不及物动词)

那只小兔子跑进了树林里。

c)Under the bridge stood a man.(stand为存在性不及物动词)

桥下站着一个人。

2.时间副词now,then置于句首

a)Now is the time to tell him the truth.(is为存在性动词)

现在是告诉他真相的时候了。

b)Then came the order to abandon ship.(come为运动性不及物动词)

接着传来了弃船的命令。

注:有时为了达到强调或句子平衡的作用,会将作表语的形容词短语置于句首,形成“表语+系动词+主语”的特殊全部倒装结构,例:

More important is your daily performance.

更重要的是你的平时表现。

第二节 部分倒装

1.否定性副词或词组置于句首

常见的否定性副词或词组有:not,nor,never,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,not until,by no means,not in the least,on no account,in no way,in no case,under no circumstances,under no condition,no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...,not only...but(also)...

a)Never have I seen such a strange animal.

我从未见过这么个怪兽。

b)Under no circumstances will China be the first country to use nuclear weapons.

中国在任何情况下都不会首先使用核武器。

2.only+状语置于句首

a)Only by working hard can one succeed.

只有勤奋努力才能成功。

b)Only in this way can we solve this problem.

只有用这种方式我们才能解决这个问题。

此外,在英文阅读过程中还有一些非常规的倒装,严格意义上无法归类到以上两种结构中,下面做一简单介绍。

3.虚拟语气条件状语从句的倒装

如果虚拟语气条件从句中包含should,were或助动词had,则可将此动词置于句首,同时省略条件引导词if。

a)Should the sun rise in the west,he would lend us money.(=If the sun should rise in the west,he would lend us money.)

如果太阳从西边升起,他才会借给我们钱。

b)Were he punctual,he would be very likely to get the job.(=If he were punctual,he would get the job.)

如果他准时到了,很有可能得到这份工作。

4.whether引导的让步状语从句中,谓语如果是系动词be,可省略whether,把be提至句首,句子实行倒装

a)All substances,be they gaseous,liquid or solid,are made up of atoms.(=All substances,whether they be gaseous,liquid or solid,are made up of atoms.)

所有物质,无论是气态的、液态的,还是固态的,都是由原子组成的。

b)Tears,be they of sorrow,anger,or joy,typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed.(=Tears,whether they be of sorrow,anger,or joy,typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed.)

无论是悲伤的泪水、愤怒的泪水,还是欢喜的泪水,通常都会使美国人感到不舒服和难为情。

5.由so或such引导的结果状语从句,若想表达强调,则可以通过改变语序实现这一目的

a)So generous is the man that almost all his colleagues turn to him when in trouble.(=The man is so generous that almost all his colleagues turn to him when in trouble.)

这个人非常慷慨,几乎所有同事有难时都求助于他。

b)Such an extent did she go to that all her friends became indifferent to her.(=she went to such an extent that all her friends became indifferent to her.)

她做得太过分,所有朋友都对她冷漠了。

6.转述动词的倒装

如果直接引语位于转述动词之前时,转述动词往往放在主语的前面,形成特殊倒装(主语是代词时不能倒装)。

“I have been coming here night after night to repair the bell,”replied the man.(=the man replied)

“我整夜整夜来这里修钟,”那人答道。

7.让步状语从句的倒装

以as或though引导的让步状语从句,可把从句中作表语的形容词、名词,作状语的副词或者作谓语的动词置于句首,进行特殊倒装。

a)Poor as he is,he is very generous.(=Though he is poor,he is very generous.)(形容词前置)

他虽然很穷,却很慷慨。

b)Genius as she is,she still studies hard.(=Though she is a genius,she still studies hard.)(名词前置;注意:前置时须去掉冠词)

她虽然是天才,却很用功。

c)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want.(=Though we may pride ourselves much on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want.)(副词前置)

虽然我们对自己的好品位很自豪,却无法自由地选择喜欢的东西了。 PAx5CAWDHmcWKGajam4G7s6/HgkyFrNyYrAzfLUF2gufNqc7Q+Hja3hUA1ZuEamo

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