基础篇

小贴士

1.该单元以夯实基础为主，要求每篇文章阅读两遍，建议总用时45分钟。

2.首遍先快速通读全文，然后做文后习题，建议用时15分钟，其中阅读7分钟，做题8分钟。

3.二遍边读边对照汉语译文，检查是否有理解偏差，再对照“解题之路”部分，验证做题效果，建议用时15分钟。

4.最后再看文后的“词汇精解”和“难句解析”部分，对重点词汇和句型强化记忆，建议用时15分钟。

Passage 1

When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives，we usually think about the Federal agents.But the private sector outdoes the government every time.It’s Linda Tripp，not the FBI，who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping.It’s our banks，not the Internal Revenue Service（IRS），that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.

Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far.The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.

As an example of what’s going on，consider U.S.Bancorp，which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota.According to the lawsuit，the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names，phone numbers，bank account and credit-card numbers，Social Security numbers，account balances and credit limits.

With these customer lists in hand，MemberWorks started dialing for dollars—selling dental plans，videogames，computer software and other products and services.Customers who accepted a“free trial offer”had 30 days to cancel.If the deadline passed，they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts.U.S.Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.

Customers were doubly deceived，the lawsuit claims.They didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks.And if customers asked，they were led to think the answer was no.

The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling.The company defends that it did anything wrong.For its part，U.S.Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes.But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms.A few top banks decided to do the same.Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.

And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products，including things of little value，such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.

You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit.For example，no federal law shields“transaction and experience”information—mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts.Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms.They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public.But to businesses，the numbers are an open book.Self-regulation doesn’t work.A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy，but who enforces it？

Take U.S.Bancorp again.Customers were told，in writing，that“all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.”Then it sold your data to MemberWorks.The bank even claims that it doesn’t“sell”your data at all.It merely“shares”it and reaps a profit.Now you know.

1.Contrary to popular belief，the author finds that spying on people’s privacy______.

A.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping

B.has been intensified with the help of the IRS

C.is practiced exclusively by the FBI

D.is more prevalent in business circles

2.We know from the passage that______.

A.legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protection

B.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businesses

C.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private information

D.lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers’buying habits

3.When the“free trial”deadline is over，you’ll be charged without notice for a product or service if______.

A.you fail to cancel it within the specified period

B.you happen to reveal your credit card number

C.you find the product or service unsatisfactory

D.you fail to apply for extension of the deadline

4.Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because______.

A.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy

B.it is considered“transaction and experience”information unprotected by law

C.it has always been considered an open secret by the general public

D.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulation

5.We can infer from the passage that______.

A.banks will have to change their ways of doing business

B.privacy protection laws will soon be enforced

C.consumers’privacy will continue to be invaded

D.“free trial”practice will eventually be banned

参考译文

当我们担心有人在窥探自己私生活的时候，往往想到的是联邦密探。然而每次那些私人企业的所作所为更甚于政府。因违反马里兰州反对偷录电话的法律而吃官司的是Linda Tripp公司，而不是联邦调查局。把我们的私人财务档案透露给电话推销公司的是我们的银行，而不是国税局。

消费者中的积极分子一直在向国会施压，以通过更完善的保护私有权的法律，然而至今都没什么结果。立法议员倾向于纵容那些商人追查我们的财务习惯，而这种行为实际上是任意妄为的。

为了说清楚到底发生了什么，让我们来看看美国Bancorp银行，它最近刚被明尼苏达州以欺诈的罪名起诉。根据诉讼，该银行向一个名叫MemberWorks的电信运营商提供了敏感的客户资料，诸如名字、电话、银行账号、信用卡号码、社会保险号码、收支表以及借贷限额。

手上有了这些客户的资料清单，MemberWorks就开始打电话赚钱——推销护牙计划、视频游戏、电脑软件以及其他产品和服务。那些得到“免费使用服务”的用户，只有30天的时间可以取消使用。一旦过了期限，（公司）就会自动从银行和信用卡账户上扣钱。美国Bancorp银行则分享其中的收入。

诉讼声称，顾客被双重欺骗。他们对于银行把账户号码透露给MemberWorks的情况毫不知情，并且当那些客户询问银行时，银行的回答却是没有。

该州还单独起诉MemberWorks进行欺诈性推销，而该公司则否认自己曾做错过事。对美国Bancorp来说，它没有承认任何错误就将问题解决，但它倒是同意不再透露客户资料给那些出售非金融产品的外部公司。若干个顶级银行已经决定采取同样的做法，然而许多银行仍然与MemberWorks及类似的公司打交道。

银行仍然会继续从你的账户上挖掘资料，以便向你推销金融服务，也包括一些没什么用的信息，比如信用保险和信用卡保护方案。

对于那些利用你的个人账号赚取利润的公司来说，你几乎没有什么防备。例如，没有任何联邦法律保护“业务交易及其过程”的信息——主要是你的银行和信用卡账号的详细资料。社会保险号码由私营企业出售。它们一般同意不卖给公众；但是对商人来说，这些号码就像是一本敞开的书，自我管制根本就不起作用。一个公司可以制定一个保护私有权的政策，但谁来执行呢？

再来看看美国Bancorp这个例子。客户们被书面告知：“你提供给我们的所有个人资料都将被视为机密。”转头它就把你的档案卖给了MemberWorks。该银行甚至声称它根本就没有“卖”档案，只不过是将它“共享”并且赚取利润。现在你知道了吧。

解题之路

1.选D 。根据题干关键词spying on people’s privacy定位到原文第一段第一句，popular belief=we usually think。第一句和第二句的大意为：当我们担心谁会刺探人们的隐私时，通常会认为是联邦密探。但每一次都是私营部门胜过了政府。接着，作者举例说某个公司正在面对电话窃听的控告，银行把顾客的私人金融信息透露给电话营销公司。我们可以推断，刺探私人隐私的不是政府，而是主要集中在商业领域，所以选D.is more prevalent in business circles在商业界更加流行。Business circle是对原文中banks/telemarketing firms等的概括性替换。A.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping主要通过秘密窃听的手段来实现，mainly太绝对，对原文或者选项中出现的修饰性副词或形容词要高度关注，必须看原文中是否体现；B.has been intensified with the help of the IRS在IRS的帮助下得到了加强，以及C.is practiced exclusively by the FBI只由FBI实行，这两个选项都与作者观点相反，FBI/IRS属于政府部门。

2.选D 。本题问我们从文中可以知道什么？必须对每个选项进行仔细推敲，否则难以进行准确定位。选项A和D都与立法议员有关，但D项中law-maker是第二段第二句出现的legislators的替换词，它更有可能是答案。第二段的大意为：消费者的积极分子正在推动国会通过更好的隐私保护法，但到目前为止没什么结果。立法议员们倾向于让商人几乎是随意地追踪我们（消费者）的消费习惯。因此，最后选定与此意思相一致的D.law-makers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customer’s buying habits立法议员们倾向让企业自由调查消费者的购买习惯。

3.选A 。本题问：免费试用期结束之后，发生什么样的情况你将会在没有通知时因某项产品或服务被收费？根据关键词free trial定位到第四段第二句和第三句，大意为：接受免费试用服务的顾客有30天的时间可以取消它。如果最后期限过了，就会通过银行或信用卡账户自动对顾客收费。也就是说，顾客如果在指定期限内不取消服务，就会被自动扣费。显然应该选A.you fail to cancel it within the specified period你没有在指定期限内取消服务。B.you happen to reveal your credit card number你偶然暴露了你的信用卡号码；C.you find the product or service unsatisfactory你觉得产品或服务不能令人满意；D.you fail to apply for extension of the deadline你没有能够申请延长最后期限；这三个选项都是拼凑了原文中的词汇来进行干扰，与文中信息不符。

4.选B 。本题问企业不把个人银行账户的信息看做是私人信息的原因是什么？根据关键词Businesses/personal bank accounts定位到文章倒数第二段，其大意为：企业利用你的个人账户获利，你却几乎无法得到保护。比如说，没有哪一部联邦法律保护交易往来信息——主要是你的银行和信用卡账户的细节。私人公司还出售社会保险号码，它们一般会同意不向公众出售。但对于企业来说，这些号码是公开的信息。（也就是说可以向企业销售）行业自律是不起作用的，一家公司也许会发布隐私保护政策，但是谁去实施它呢？另外，再根据第六段内容The company denies that it did anything wrong.For its part，U.S.Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes.综合判断，应该选B.it is considered“transaction and experience”information unprotected by law这些信息被（企业）认为是不被法律保护的“交易往来”信息。

5.选C 。本题要求对文章进行推断，考查对全文进行综合概括的能力。文章谈到现行法律对消费者没什么保护，当然消费者的利益会被继续侵犯，所以选C.consumers’privacy will continue to be invaded消费者的隐私将继续被侵犯。A.banks will have to change their ways of doing business银行将不得不改变做生意的方式，原文指出现行法律并不保护消费者的某些交易信息，立法议员也对企业放任自流，所以银行并不会如A所言；B.privacy protection laws will soon be enforced隐私保护法将很快被执行，与文章最后一句矛盾；D.“free trial”practice will eventually be banned“免费试用”最终将会被禁止，文中无信息支持。

词汇精解

spy　vt.侦察，发现，监视

outdo　vt.胜过，比……做过头

charge　n.费用，掌管，指控

taping　n.录音

firm　n.公司

consumer　n.消费者

activist　n.激进主义分子，活动家，积极分子

legislator　n.立法者

track　vt.追踪，跟踪

financial　adj.金融的，财政的，财务的

virtually　adv.实质上，实际上

deceptive　adj.欺骗性的

lawsuit　n.诉讼

telemarketer　n.电信运营商

sensitive　adj.感光的，灵敏的，敏感的

data　n.数据，资料

account　n.计算，理由，说明，账户

balance　n.秤，天平，余额，平衡

limit　n.界限，局限，限度

dial　vt.拨打（电话）

dental　adj.牙科的

videogame　n.视频游戏

software　n.软件

shield　vt.庇护，防护，保护

transaction　n.办理，处理，交易

mine　vt.开采，破坏，挖掘

insurance　n.保险业，保险单，保险

personal　adj.亲自的，私人的，个人的

confidential　adj.秘密的，机密的

reap　vt.收割，收获

profit　n.利润，益处，利益

难句解析

1.It’s Linda Tripp，not the FBI，who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping.

【参考译文】 因违反马里兰州反对偷录电话的法律而吃官司的是Linda Tripp公司，而不是联邦调查局。

【结构分析】 这是使用了It’s…who…结构的强调句，被强调的是主语Linda Tripp，谓语是is facing，宾语是charges，介词短语under…taping是charges的后定语，against…taping是laws的后定语。

【知识链接】 FBI（美国）联邦调查局；Maryland马里兰（美国州名）；telephone taping电话录音

2.The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.

【参考译文】 立法议员倾向于纵容那些商人追查我们的财务习惯，而这种行为实际上是任意妄为的。

【结构分析】 这是一个简单句，主语是The legislators，谓语是lean toward，其后的动名词结构letting…at will是宾语，track…habits是people的补足语，at will是方式状语。

【知识链接】 lean toward doing sth.倾向于……；at will任意地

3.As an example of what’s going on，consider U.S.Bancorp，which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota.

【参考译文】 为了说清楚到底发生了什么，让我们来看看美国Bancorp银行，它最近刚被明尼苏达州以欺诈的罪名起诉。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是祈使句consider U.S.Bancorp，之后which引导的定语从句修饰U.S.Bancorp，其中的for deceptive practices是原因状语，As…going on是方式状语，what’s going on是介词of的宾语。

【知识链接】 go on进行；be sued for因……被起诉；deceptive practice欺骗行为；Minnesota明尼苏达（美国州名）

4.According to the lawsuit，the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names，phone numbers，bank account and credit-card numbers，Social Security numbers，account balances and credit limits.

【参考译文】 根据诉讼，该银行向一个名叫MemberWorks的电信运营商提供了敏感的客户资料，诸如名字、电话、银行账号、信用卡号码、社会保险号码、收支表以及借贷限额。

【结构分析】 这是一个简单句，可以切分为：（According to the lawsuit），（the bank supplied a telemarketer//called MemberWorks//with sensitive customer data//such as names，phone numbers，bank account and credit-card numbers，Social Security numbers，account balances and credit limits//）。第一部分是According to引导的方式状语；第二部分是主干，主语是the bank，谓语是supplied，宾语是a telemarketer，过去分词短语called MemberWorks是telemarketer的后定语，such as…and credit limits是并列的名词短语，作前面customer data的后定语。

【知识链接】 according to根据；supply sb.with给某人提供……；credit-card信用卡；Social Security社会保险

5.With these customer lists in hand，MemberWorks started dialing for dollars—selling dental plans，videogames，computer software and other products and services.

【参考译文】 手上有了这些客户的资料清单，MemberWorks就开始打电话赚钱——推销护牙计划、视频游戏、电脑软件以及其他产品和服务。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是MemberWorks started dialing，With…in hand是独立主格结构，即：With+名词+介词短语，for…services是目的状语。

【知识链接】 in hand在手头；dollars-selling（adj.）赚钱的；computer software计算机软件

6.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products，including things of little value，such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.

【参考译文】 银行仍然会继续从你的账户上挖掘资料，以便向你推销金融服务，也包括一些没什么用的信息，比如信用保险和信用卡保护方案。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是And banks will still be mining data，from…account是地点状语，in order to…products是目的状语，including…value是前面products的后定语，such as…plans是前面things的后定语。

【知识链接】 in order to为了；value（n.）价值；such as譬如

7.Customers were told，in writing，that“all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.”

【参考译文】 客户们被书面告知：“你提供给我们的所有个人资料都将被视为机密。”

【结构分析】 这个句子的难点在于that引导的宾语从句，其主干是：all personal information…will be considered，you supply to us是information的定语从句，you之前省略了连接词that，confidential是information的补足语。

【知识链接】 in writing书面上；supply sth.to sb.向某人提供……

Passage 2

It’s hardly news that the immigration system is a mess.Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border with fake papers，and visitors who arrive in the U.S.legitimately often overstay their legal welcome without being punished.But since Sept.11，it’s become clear that terrorists have been shrewdly factoring the weaknesses of our system into their plans.In addition to their mastery of forging passports，at least three of the 19 Sept.11 hijackers（劫机者）were here on expired visas.That’s been a safe bet until now.The Immigration and Naturalization Service（INS）（移民归化局）lacks the resources，and apparently the inclination，to keep track of the estimated 2 million foreigners who have intentionally overstayed their welcome.

But this laxness（马虎）toward immigration fraud may be about to change.Congress has already taken some modest steps.The U.S.A.Patriot Act，passed in the wake of the Sept.11 tragedy，requires the FBI，the Justice Department，the State Department and the INS to share more data，which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border.

But what’s really needed，critics say，is even tougher laws and more resources aimed at tightening up border security.Reformers are calling for a rollback of rules that hinder law enforcement.They also want the INS to hire hundreds more border patrol agents and investigators to keep illegal immigrants out and to track them down once they’re here.Reformers also want to see the INS set up a database to monitor whether visa holders actually leave the country when they are required to.

All these proposed changes were part of a new border-security bill that passed the House of Representatives but died in the Senate last week.Before Sept.11，legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies：universities，which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law，and business，which relies on foreigners for cheap labor.Since the attacks，they’ve backed off.The bill would have passed this time but for congressional maneuverings and is expected to be reintroduced and to pass next year.

Also on the agenda for next year：a proposal，backed by some influential law-makers，to split the INS into two agencies—a good cop that would tend to service functions like processing citizenship papers and a bad cop that would concentrate on border inspections，deportation and other functions.One reason for the division，supporters say，is that the INS has in recent years become too focused on serving tourists and immigrants.After the Sept.11 tragedy，the INS should pay more attention to serving the millions of ordinary Americans who rely on the nation’s border security to protect them from terrorist attacks.

1.Terrorists have obviously taken advantage of______.

A.the legal privileges granted to foreigners

B.the excessive hospitality of the American people

C.the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpoints

D.the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

2.We learn from the passage that coordinated efforts will be made by various U.S.government agencies to______.

A.refuse the renewing of expired visas

B.ward off terrorist suspects at the border

C.prevent the forgery of immigration papers

D.limit the number of immigrants to the U.S.

3.It can be inferred from the passage that before Sept.11，aliens with expired visas______.

A.might have them extended without trouble

B.would be closely watched by FBI agents

C.might stay on for as long as they wished

D.would live in constant fear of deportation

4.It is believed by many that all these years the INS______.

A.has been serving two contradictory functions

B.has been too liberal in granting visas to tourists and immigrants indiscriminately

C.has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nation’s security

D.has ignored the pleas of the two powerful lobbies

5.Before Sept.11，the U.S.Congress had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws because______.

A.they might have kept away foreign students and cheap labor

B.it was difficult to coordinate the efforts of the congressmen

C.education and business circles cared little about national security

D.resources were not available for their enforcement

参考译文

移民系统的混乱并不是什么新闻。外国人长期以来都在利用假证件偷渡过境，而那些通过合法手段进入美国的游客在美国停留的日子往往都超过了法定期限，却没有受到惩罚。但是很明显，自从“9·11”事件以来，恐怖分子很精明地把我们系统的缺点算进了他们的计划当中。除了伪造护照的技术以外，“9·11”事件19个劫机者中的3个人的护照已经过期却还留在美国。在这之前，那是很安全的赌注。估计有200万外国人超过了法定期限，还故意在美国逗留，移民归化局缺少经费，而且很明显也无意去跟踪他们。

但是打击移民欺诈行为的不力将要得到改变。国会已经采取了一些适度的措施。“9·11”事件过后，就通过了《美国爱国者法案》，要求联邦调查局、司法部、国务院和移民归化局共享更多的资料，从而更容易地在边境就把那些监视名单上的恐怖分子截住。

但批评家认为真正需要的是旨在加强边境安全的更严格的法律和更多的资源。改革家们则号召撤销那些妨碍司法执行的政策。他们同时也要求移民归化局再多雇用几百个边境巡逻人员和调查人员，阻止非法移民进入，如果他们已经进来了就追踪他们。改革者同时也希望看到移民归化局建立一个数据库，来监视那些护照持有者，留意他们在应当出境的时候是否真的离开了。

所有这些改革建议都是一个全新的边境安全法案的一部分，该法案获得了众议院的批准，但在上周却没有得到参议院的通过。“9·11”事件之前，这样的立法受到了两个强大的游说集团的阻挠：一是大学院校，他们依赖于留学生的学费，而新法案将有可能把这些外国学生排除在外；二是公司，他们需要外来人员充当廉价劳动力。自从那次恐怖袭击后，它们就已经后退不再阻挠了。要不是国会的操作，那个法案这次就会通过了，明年它应该会被重新提议并获得通过。

同时被提上明年议程的还有一个法案，它得到一些有号召力的立法人员的支持，该提案提议将移民归化局分成两个机构——一个是白脸警官，可能会执行一些诸如发放公民证件的职能；另一个是黑脸警官，着力于边境审查、驱逐出境以及其他的功能。支持者声称，进行这种划分的一个原因是，这些年来移民归化局太专注于为游客和移民服务。“9·11”事件惨剧过后，移民归化局应该多花些精力造福于数百万的美国百姓，他们需要依靠边境安全来保护自己免受恐怖袭击。

解题之路

1.选D 。本题问恐怖分子明显地利用了什么？第一段第三句开始部分告诉我们，很明显“9·11”事件恐怖分子得逞是因为他们利用了美国移民体系的弱点（weaknesses），如forging passports（伪造护照）、过期签证等。迄今这一直是一场安全的赌博。美国移民归化局缺乏相关资源，并且也不愿意去追踪大约200万故意超过居留期的外国人（其中就有恐怖分子）。但是，这种对移民欺诈行为的懈怠、马虎态度可能会改变（第二段第一句）。从以上可以看出，恐怖分子得逞首先应归咎于美国的整个移民体系，INS这个机构办事不力，缺乏效率。所以应该选D.the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization Service移民归化局的低效率。A.the legal privileges granted to foreigners给予外国人的法律特权，以及B.the excessive hospitality of the American people美国人民的过分好客，这两项文中都无信息支持。C.the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpoints边境检查站官员的不负责任，文章最后虽然讲了美国要加强边境安全以防恐怖分子袭击，但并未提到恐怖分子是利用边境检查站官员的不负责任而混入美国的，所以C错。

2.选B 。本题问美国的不同政府机构将会作出什么样的协调努力？本文定位不大容易，要求能识别the FBI，the Justice Department，the State Department and the INS=various U.S.government agencies，具有一定的概括能力。第二段的意思是：这种对移民欺诈行为的懈怠状态可能会有所改变，国会已经采取了一些适当措施，紧随着“9·11”事件惨剧之后通过的《美国爱国者法案》要求联邦调查局、司法部、国务院和移民归化局共享更多的资料，这将使在边境就阻止列入名单的恐怖分子变得更加容易。所以应该选B.ward off terrorist suspects at the border，是原文stop watch-listed terrorists at the border的同义替换。A.refuse the renewing of expired visas拒绝更新过期的签证；C.prevent the forgery of immigration papers避免伪造移民文件；D.limit the number of immigrants to the U.S.限制来美国的移民数量。三个干扰项在文中都无信息支持。

3.选C 。本题问从文章可推断在“9·11”事件之前持有过期签证的外国人会怎么样？根据关键词Sept.11/expired visas，定位到第一段。第一段第二句visitors who arrive in the U.S.legitimately often overstay their legal welcome without being punished.那些合法来到美国的游客经常超出了他们的合法居留期而不被惩罚，同时注意at least three of the 19 Sept.11 hijackers were here on expired visas中用的是过去时态were，说明在“9·11”事件之前这几个劫机者持的是过期签证。最后一句也提到差不多有200万外国人这样做，这些签证到期的外国人可以随意在美国停留，因为没有人来找他们麻烦。因此选C.might stay on for as long as they wished可以想待多久就待多久。

4.选C 。本题询问许多人这些年来对INS的看法。文章最后一段主要围绕INS进行阐述，大意是：有建议要将INS分成两个机构，一个负责处理公民身份文件，另一个负责边境检查、驱逐出境等。支持将INS分开的人认为（也就是题干里很多人的观点），INS太过于注重为游客和移民服务了。“9·11”事件之后INS应该把更多的注意力放在为千百万普通美国民众服务，他们有赖于国家的边境安全来免遭恐怖分子的袭击。总而言之，要重视国家安全。所以，应该选整合了最后一段最后两句意思的C.has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nation’s security过分强调了服务功能而以国家安全为代价。

5.选A 。本题问“9·11”事件之前美国国会未能通过更严格的移民法律的原因。根据关键词Before Sept.11定位到原文第四段，legislation of this kind had been blocked=had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws。第二句的大意是：在“9·11”事件之前，这类立法被两大院外活动集团所阻止：大学（依靠外国留学生的学费）和企业（依靠外国廉价劳工），新法律将会将外国留学生和廉价劳工拒之门外。所以本题选A.they might have kept away foreign students and cheap labor它们可能将外国学生和廉价劳工拒之门外。

词汇精解

national　n.（尤指侨居外国的）国民，侨民

long　adv.长期地，始终

border　n.边，边缘，边境，边界

fake　adj.假的，伪造的

legitimately　adv.正当地，合理地，合法地

overstay　vt.逗留过久，停留超过（时间）

legal　adj.法律的，法定的，合法的

punish　vt.处罚，惩罚

resource　n.资源

apparently　adv.显然地，明显地

inclination　n.倾向，爱好，意愿

estimated　adj.估算的，估计的

intentionally　adv.有意地，故意地

terrorist　n.恐怖分子

critic　n.评论家，批评家

tougher　adj.更凶恶的，更强硬的，更严厉的

security　n.安全

legislation　n.制定法律，立法

block　vt.妨碍，阻碍，阻拦

powerful　adj.强大的，有力的

lobby　n.游说

labor　n.劳动，努力，劳动力

tuition　n.学费

bill　n.账单，票据，清单，议案

congressional　adj.会议的，大会的，国会的

maneuvering　n.行动

reintroduce　vt.再次引进

agenda　n.议程

proposal　n.建议，提议

back　v.后退，支持

influential　adj.有势力的，有影响力的

split　vt.劈开，分离，分开

agency　n.代理处，代理，机构

cop　n.警察，巡警

service　vt.保养，维修，为……服务

function　n.职能，作用，职责，功能

citizenship　n.公民身份，公民职责，公民资格

inspection　n.视察，检查

deportation　n.移送，放逐，驱逐出境

tragedy　n.惨案，灾难，悲剧

attack　n.进攻，侵袭，袭击

难句解析

1.Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border with fake papers，and visitors who arrive in the U.S.legitimately often overstay their legal welcome without being punished.

【参考译文】 外国人长期以来都在利用假证件偷渡过境，而那些通过合法手段进入美国的游客在美国停留的日子往往都超过了法定期限，却没有受到惩罚。

【结构分析】 这是一个由and连接的并列句，可以切分为：（Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border//with fake papers//），（and visitors//who arrive in the U.S.legitimately//often overstay their legal welcome without being punished）。第一部分的主语是Foreign nationals，谓语是have been slipping across，宾语是the border，long是时间副词，with fake papers是方式状语；第二部分是一个主从复合句，主干是visitors…often overstay their legal welcome，who…legitimately是主语visitors的定语从句，without being punished是条件状语。

【知识链接】 foreign national外国人；slip across溜过……

2.The Immigration and Naturalization Service（INS）lacks the resources，and apparently the inclination，to keep track of the estimated 2 million foreigners who have intentionally overstayed their welcome.

【参考译文】 估计有200万外国人超过了法定期限，还故意在美国逗留，移民归化局缺少经费，而且很明显也无意去跟踪他们。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（The Immigration and Naturalization Service（INS）lacks the resources，and apparently the inclination，//to keep track of the estimated 2 million foreigners//）（who have intentionally overstayed their welcome）。第一部分是主句，主语是The Immigration and Naturalization Service，谓语是lacks，宾语是the resources，and…the inclination，分隔号内的不定式to keep…foreigners是前面resources和inclination的后定语；第二部分是who引导的foreigners的定语从句，其中的welcome是名词，作宾语。

【知识链接】 Immigration and Naturalization Service（美国）移民归化局；lack the inclination to do无意……；keep track of跟踪

3.The U.S.A.Patriot Act，passed in the wake of the Sept.11 tragedy，requires the FBI，the Justice Department，the State Department and the INS to share more data，which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border.

【参考译文】 “9·11”事件过后，就通过了《美国爱国者法案》，要求联邦调查局、司法部、国务院和移民归化局共享更多的资料，从而更容易地在边境就把那些监视名单上的恐怖分子截住。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（The U.S.A.Patriot Act，//passed in the wake of the Sept.11 tragedy//，requires the FBI，the Justice Department，the State Department and the INS//to share more data//），（which will make it easier//to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border//）。第一部分是主句，主干是The U.S.A.Patriot Act…requires…the INS，过去分词passed是主语的后定语，in the wake…tragedy是时间状语，不定式to share more data是宾语补足语；第二部分是which引导的定语从句，which指代前面的一句话，it指代后面的不定式to stop…terrorists，at the border是地点状语。

【知识链接】 Patriot Act爱国者法案；in the wake of在……之后；the Justice Department（美国）司法部；the State Department（美国）国务院；watch-listed（adj.）受到监视的

4.But what’s really needed，critics say，is even tougher laws and more resources aimed at tightening up border security.

【参考译文】 但批评家认为真正需要的是旨在加强边境安全的更严格的法律和更多的资源。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，what’s really needed是主语从句，critics say是插入语，过去分词短语aimed at…security是前面tougher laws and more resources的后定语，动名词短语tightening…security是介词at的宾语。

【知识链接】 aim at旨在……；tighten up加强

5.Before Sept.11，legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies：universities，which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law，and business，which relies on foreigners for cheap labor.

【参考译文】 “9·11”事件之前，这样的立法受到了两个强大的游说集团的阻挠：一是大学院校，他们依赖于留学生的学费，而新法案将有可能把这些外国学生排除在外；二是公司，他们需要外来人员充当廉价劳动力。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Before Sept.11，legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies：）（universities，//which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law//，and business，//which relies on foreigners for cheap labor//）。第一部分是主句，主语是legislation of this kind，谓语是had been blocked，Before Sept.11是时间状语；第二部分的主干是两个并列名词：universities…and business，作前面two powerful lobbies的同位语，第一个分隔号内which引导的定语从句修饰universities，from…students是tuition的后定语，who引导的定语从句修饰students，第二个分隔号内which引导的是business的定语从句，for cheap labor是目的状语。

【知识链接】 rely on依靠；keep out排除

6.The bill would have passed this time but for congressional maneuverings and is expected to be reintroduced and to pass next year.

【参考译文】 要不是国会的操作，那个法案这次就会通过了，明年它应该会被重新提议并获得通过。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：The bill would have passed…and is expected to be…and to pass，即由and连接的三个并列结构；but for引导的是一条件状语，意义相当于if it were not for…

【知识链接】 but for若不是（引导虚拟语气的条件状语）；be expected to do应该……

7.Also on the agenda for next year：a proposal，backed by some influential law-makers，to split the INS into two agencies—a good cop that would tend to service functions like processing citizenship papers and a bad cop that would concentrate on border inspections，deportation and other functions.

【参考译文】 同时被提上明年议程的还有一个法案，它得到一些有号召力的立法人员的支持，该提案提议将移民归化局分成两个机构——一个是白脸警官，可能会执行一些诸如发放公民证件的职能，另一个是黑脸警官，着力于边境审查、驱逐出境以及其他的功能。

【结构分析】 这不是一个句子，而是名词短语；可以切分为：a proposal，（backed by some influential law-makers），（to split the INS into two agencies）—（a good cop//that would tend to service functions like processing citizenship papers//and a bad cop//that would concentrate on border inspections，deportation and other functions//）。过去分词短语backed…是proposal的后定语；不定式to split…agencies也是proposal的后定语；破折号之后的主干是两个并列的名词短语：a good cop…and a bad cop，之后的that…citizenship papers和that…other functions分别是其定语从句；最开头的on the agenda是地点状语，for next year是agenda的后定语。

【知识链接】 law-maker（n.）立法者；split…into…将……分为……；tend to do趋向于……；concentrate on专注于……

8.After the Sept.l1 tragedy，the INS should pay more attention to serving the millions of ordinary Americans who rely on the nation’s border security to protect them from terrorist attacks.

【参考译文】 “9·11”事件惨剧过后，移民归化局应该多花些精力造福于数百万的美国百姓，他们需要依靠边境安全来保护自己免受恐怖袭击。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（//After the Sept.11 tragedy//，the INS should pay more attention to serving the millions of ordinary Americans）（who rely on the nation’s border security//to protect them from terrorist attacks//）。第一部分是主句，After…tragedy是时间状语，serving…ordinary Americans是动名词短语，作介词to的宾语；第二部分是who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的ordinary Americans，其中的不定式to protect…attacks是目的状语。

【知识链接】 pay attention to关注……；millions of数百万……；protect sb.from使某人免受……

Passage 3

For years，doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them expensive urine（尿）.After all，true vitamin deficiencies are practically unheard of in industrialized countries.Now it seems those doctors may have been wrong.The results of a growing number of studies suggest that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your health.Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain，the few dollars you spend on them is probably a good investment.

Or at least that’s the argument put forward in the New England Journal of Medicine.Ideally，say Dr.Walter Willett and Dr.Meir Stampfer of Harvard，all vitamin supplements would be evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical trials.But those studies can take a long time and often raise more questions than they answer.At some point，while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies，it just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost.

The best evidence to date concerns folate，one of the B vitamins.It’s been proved to limit the number of defects in embryos（胚胎），and a recent trial found that folate in combination with vitamin B12 and a form of B6 also decreases the re-blockage of arteries after surgical repair.

The news on vitamin E has been more mixed.Healthy folks who take 400 international units daily for at least two years appear somewhat less likely to develop heart disease.But when doctors give vitamin E to patients who already have heart disease，the vitamin doesn’t seem to help.It may turn out that vitamin E plays a role in prevention but cannot undo serious damage.

Despite vitamin C’s great popularity，consuming large amounts of it still has not been positively linked to any great benefit.The body quickly becomes saturated with C and simply excretes（排泄）any excess.

The multivitamins question boils down to this：Do you need to wait until all the evidence is in before you take them，or are you willing to accept that there’s enough evidence that they don’t hurt and could help？

If the latter，there’s no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest’horse pills or the most expensive bottles.Large doses can cause trouble，including excessive bleeding and nervous system problems.

Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet，of course.As long as you understand that any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement，taking a daily multivitamin makes a lot of sense.

1.At one time doctors discouraged taking multivitamins because they believed that multiv-itamins______.

A.could not easily be absorbed by the human body

B.were potentially harmful to people’s health

C.were too expensive for daily consumption

D.could not provide any cure for vitamin deficiencies

2.According to the author，clinical trials of vitamin supplements______.

A.often result in misleading conclusions

B.take time and will not produce conclusive results

C.should be conducted by scientists on a larger scale

D.appear to be a sheer waste of time and resources

3.It has been found that vitamin E______.

A.should be taken by patients regularly and persistently

B.can effectively reduce the recurrence of heart disease

C.has a preventive but not curative effect on heart disease

D.should be given to patients with heart disease as early as possible

4.It can be seen that large doses of multivitamins______.

A.may bring about serious side effects

B.may help prevent excessive bleeding

C.are likely to induce the blockage of arteries

D.are advisable for those with vitamin deficiencies

5.The author concludes the passage with the advice that______.

A.the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced diet

B.it’s risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific function

C.the potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimated

D.it’s reasonable to take a rational dose of multivitamins daily

参考译文

多年来，医生提醒病人，服用多种维生素唯一能带给他们的就是昂贵的尿液。毕竟，在工业国家，真正意义上的维生素缺乏实际上闻所未闻。不过现在看来那些医生可能错了。大量研究结果显示，即使少量的维生素短缺也会损害健康。尽管多种维生素的益处还不能确定，但花上几美元购买它们可能是一个不错的投资。

或者，这起码是《新英格兰医药杂志》提出的论断。哈佛大学的Walter Willett和Meir Stamper博士指出，理想状况下，所有的维生素补充剂都要经过严格的、科学的临床试验评估。但这些研究耗时很长，而且它们带来的问题比解决的要多。有时候，当研究者努力找出真相时，也只能说潜在的利益要超过其成本。

到目前为止，一个很好的例子是叶酸，它是维生素B的一种。它被证明能限制胎盘的缺陷，而且最近的试验发现，叶酸和维生素B12及一种B6共同使用时，能降低外科手术后动脉的再次阻塞。

关于维生素E的新闻则复杂得多。每天服用400国际单位维生素E至少两年的健康人群，得心脏病的可能性要比常人小。但是医生给已患心脏病的病人服用维生素E时，却似乎没有任何帮助。这表明维生素E在预防中能起到作用，但无法治疗严重的损伤。

尽管服用维生素C相当普遍，但始终不能肯定大量服用维生素C是否一定会有很大的益处。因为体内的维生素C迅速饱和后，多余部分就会完全被排出体外。

现在多种维生素的问题可以归结为：你需要等到所有的证据证明它们有用时才开始服用，还是愿意在现有证据足以证明它们无害而且可能带来好处时服用？

如果是后者，那就没有必要走极端，去买最大剂量的药片或者最贵的药品。因为大剂量会带来包括出血过多和神经系统疾病的麻烦。

当然，多种维生素不是运动和平衡饮食的替代品。只要你明白任何潜在的益处都是有限的而且需要进一步细化，每天服用多种维生素就很有意义了。

解题之路

1.选A 。本题问医生曾经不鼓励服用多种维生素的原因。根据题干中的At one time和doctors可以定位到文章第一段的第一句，意思是多年来医生忠告他们的病人，服用多种维生素的唯一作用是排泄昂贵的尿。句子主干是doctors advised their patients，that引导主语从句。言外之意是，花了钱却排泄掉了，正符合A.could not easily be absorbed by the human body不能轻易地被身体所吸收，属于概括性替换。B.were potentially harmful to people’s health对人的身体有潜在的危害，原文无信息支持；C.were too expensive for daily consumption对于日常消费是太昂贵了，是曲解原文，原文中的expensive是修饰的尿而不是维生素，只是说明花钱服用后排泄掉了，是一种浪费。这个选项有很大的迷惑性；D.could not provide any cure for vitamin deficiencies不能对维生素缺乏症提供任何治疗，利用第二句中的vitamin deficiencies来干扰考生。

2.选B 。本题针对维生素补剂的临床实验提问。根据题干中的clinical trials可以定位到文章第二段。第三句的意思是，这些实验研究耗费时间长，而且所引起的疑问要比能够回答的疑问多。所以选B.take time and will not produce conclusive results花费时间而且产生的结果不确定。A.often result in misleading conclusions经常导致误导性的结论，错在misleading无信息支持；C.should be conducted by scientists on a larger scale应该由医生更大规模地进行，也无信息支持；D.appear to be a sheer waste of time and resources看起来是纯粹浪费时间和资源，无信息支持，说得太绝对。

3.选C 。根据关键词vitamin E定位到第四段。考生对阅读文章中出现的某个概念要及时做标记，根据前面对段落的分析，应该选C.has a preventive but not curative effect on heart disease有预防但没有治愈心脏病的效果。A.should be taken by patients regularly and persistently应该有规律并且坚持被病人所服用；B.can effectively reduce the recurrence of heart disease能够有效地减少心脏病的复发；D.should be given to patients with heart disease as early as possible应该被尽早地给予患心脏病的人。这三个干扰项均无信息支持。本题只要定位准确，应该很容易解答。

4.选A 。本题问从文章中可以看出服用大剂量的多种维生素会怎样，根据题干中的large doses of multivitamins可以定位到文章第七段的第二句，大剂量的服用可能会引起麻烦，例如失血过多或造成神经系统的问题。所以应该选A.may bring about serious side effects可能会引起严重的副作用。side effects是对原文中excessive bleeding and nervous system problems的概括性替换。B.may help prevent excessive bleeding可能有助于帮助防止失血过多，与原文说法相反；C.the likely to induce the blockage of arteries可能会引起动脉堵塞，文中无信息支持；D.are advisable for those with vitamin deficiencies对于那些维生素缺乏的人是可取的，也无信息支持。

5.选D 。本题问作者用一个什么建议来总结全文的，最后一段的意思：当然，多种维生素不能代替锻炼和平衡的饮食。只要对此理解了，就应知道选D.it’s reasonable to take a rational dose of multivitamins daily每日服用合理的剂量是明智的。A.the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced diet与文章最后一段的第一句相反；B.it’s risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific function在不知道维生素具体的功能之前就服用是危险的，这不仅不是作者的建议，而且与原文第六段的说法不一致；C.the potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimated维生素的潜在好处再高估也不过分，这也不是作者的建议。

词汇精解

multivitamin　n.多种维生素

deficiency　n.缺乏，不足，缺陷

advise　vt.劝告，忠告，警告，建议

expensive　adj.昂贵的

urine　n.尿

proof　n.试验，考验，证据

benefit　n.利益，好处

clinical　adj.临床的

trial　n.审讯，考验，试验

outweigh　vt.（在重量或价值方面）超过

popularity　n.普及，声望，盛行

consume　vt.消耗，消灭，消费

positively　adv.断然地，肯定地

evidence　n.迹象，根据，证据

practically　adv.事实上，实际上

industrialized　adj.工业化的

shortfall　n.不足，缺乏

investment　n.可获利的东西，投资

potential　adj.可能的，潜在的

supplement　n.补遗，附录，补充

evaluate　vt.评价，评估

rigorous　adj.严厉的，严酷的，严峻的，严格的

in　adj.在里面的，执政的，已来到的

take　vt.拿，取，占领，服（药）

extreme　n.极端，极端的事物

help　vi.救命，招待，起作用

latter　adj.后面的，（两者中）后者的

modest　adj.谦虚的，谦让的，适度的

refinement　n.精致，精巧，提炼

daily　adv.每日，天天，每天地

难句解析

1.For years，doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them expensive urine.

【参考译文】 多年来，医生提醒病人，服用多种维生素唯一能带给他们的就是昂贵的尿液。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（For years，doctors advised their patients）（that the only thing//taking multivitamins does//is give them expensive urine）。第一部分是主干，即主谓宾结构，For years是时间状语；第二部分是that引导的从句，作advised的直接宾语，其主干是the only thing…is…，不定式give…urine作表语，give之前省略了to，一般而言，不定式作表语时，如果be动词之前有实义动词do，则不定式的to可省，taking…does是the only thing的定语从句，taking是动名词，作主语，does是谓语动词。

【知识链接】 for years多年来；advise sb.that建议某人……

2.Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain，the few dollars you spend on them is probably a good investment.

【参考译文】 尽管多种维生素的益处还不能确定，但花上几美元购买它们可能是一个不错的投资。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain），（the few dollars//you spend on them//is probably a good investment）。第一部分是Although引导的让步状语从句，即主系表结构；第二部分是主句，主语是the few dollars，谓语是is，表语是a good investment，分隔号内是the few dollars的定语从句，them指代前面的multivitamins。

【知识链接】 be far from远非……；spend…on…花（钱）做……

3.At some point，while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies，it just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost.

【参考译文】 有时候，当研究者努力找出真相时，也只能说潜在的利益要超过其成本。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（while researchers work on figuring out//where the truth lies//），（it just makes sense to say//the potential benefit outweighs the cost//）。第一部分是while引导的时间状语从句，work on是谓语，之后的动名词结构figuring out…是其宾语，分隔号内where引导的是figuring out的宾语从句；第二部分是主句，主语it指代后面的不定式to say…the cost，分隔号内the potential…cost是say的宾语从句。

【知识链接】 at some point有时；work on从事；figure out弄清楚；make sense有道理

4.Despite vitamin C’s great popularity，consuming large amounts of it still has not been positively linked to any great benefit.

【参考译文】 尽管服用维生素C相当普遍，但始终不能肯定大量服用维生素C是否一定会有很大的益处。

【结构分析】 这是一个简单句，Despite…popularity是让步状语，动名词短语consuming…it是主语，谓语是has not been…linked，介词短语to any great benefit是方向状语。

【知识链接】 large amounts of大量；be linked to与……有关

5.Do you need to wait until all the evidence is in before you take them，or are you willing to accept that there’s enough evidence that they don’t hurt and could help？

【参考译文】 你需要等到所有的证据证明它们有用时才开始服用，还是愿意在现有证据足以证明它们无害而且可能带来好处时服用？

【结构分析】 这是由or连接的并列句，可以切分为：（Do you need to wait//until all the evidence is in//before you take them//），（or are you willing to accept//that there’s enough evidence//that they don’t hurt and could help？//）。第一部分的两个分隔号内until…in和before…them均是时间状语从句，其中的in是形容词；第二部分的第一个分隔号内是that引导的从句，作accept的宾语，第二个分隔号内的从句是evidence的同位语。

【知识链接】 need to do有必要……；sth.is in很流行的，已来到的；be willing to do乐于做……

6.If the latter，there’s no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest’horse pills or the most expensive bottles.

【参考译文】 如果是后者，那就没有必要走极端，去买最大剂量的药片或者最贵的药物。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，If引导的条件状语从句中出现了省略现象，补全后应是：If（it is）the latter；主句中的不定式to go…and buy…bottles是need的后定语。

【知识链接】 there’s no need to do没有必要做……；go to extremes走极端；horse pill大片（药）

7.As long as you understand that any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement，taking a daily multivitamin makes a lot of sense.

【参考译文】 只要你明白任何潜在的益处都是有限的而且需要进一步细化，每天服用多种维生素就有意义了。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，As long as引导条件状语从句，that引导的是understand的宾语从句，该从句的主语是any potential benefit，谓语是is，表语是modest and subject to，further refinement是介词to的宾语；主句的主语是动名词短语taking a daily multivitamin。

【知识链接】 as long as只要（引导条件状语从句）；be subject to应该……；make a lot of sense很有意义

Passage 4

Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge（剧增）of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage.Many women，according to this hypothesis，would rather work than marry.The converse（反面）of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriages.In the past，only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision.Now，however，the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner.Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead.As the economy rebounds，the number of marriages also rises.

Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates.Yet，it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions.The impact of a wife’s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions.The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage.But the reverse is equally plausible.Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage.Given high unemployment，inflationary problems，and slow growth in real earnings，a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens.By raising a family’s standard of living，a working wife may strengthen her family’s financial and emotional stability.

Psychological factors also should be considered.For example，a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house.She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce.On the other hand，if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home，work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union.

Also，a major part of women’s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that，in most cases，men have remained the main breadwinners.With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within file family.A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house.Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions，it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.

1.The word“portend”（Line 1，Para.1）is closest in meaning to“______”.

A.defyB.signalC.suffer fromD.result from

2.It is said in the passage that when the economy slides，______.

A.men would choose working women as their marriage partners

B.more women would get married to seek financial security

C.even working women would worry about their marriages

D.more people would prefer to remain single for the time being

3.If women find fulfillment through work outside the home，______.

A.they are more likely to dominate their marriage partners

B.their husbands are expected to do more housework

C.their marriage ties can be strengthened

D.they tend to put their career before marriage

4.One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that______.

A.they feel that they have been robbed of their freedom

B.they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbands

C.they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectations

D.they tend to suspect their husbands’loyalty to their marriage

5.Which of the following statements can best summarize the author’s view in the passage？

A.The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country.

B.Even when economically independent，most women have to struggle for real equality in marriage.

C.In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remain independent.

D.The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.

参考译文

一些未来学家认为，劳动力中女性人数的激增预示着她们将拒绝婚姻。根据这种假说，许多女性宁愿工作也不愿意结婚。与这种说法相反的是家庭中多人赚钱会鼓励婚姻。过去，只有男性的报酬和经济前景在决定结婚时被考虑。现在，妇女的赚钱能力使她成为更有吸引力的婚姻伴侣。数据显示经济低迷会延缓婚姻，因为两个人负担不起组建一个家庭，或者担心结婚后的困难日子。当经济复苏时，结婚的数量也会上升。

与妇女在外工作人数增加巧合的是离婚率的增加，然而简单地据此得出任何的因果结论都可能是错误的。妇女工作对离婚的影响并不比其对决定结婚的影响小。意识到自己能够供养自己或许会增加职业妇女在遇到不满意的婚姻时选择离婚的可能性，不过与此相反的结论也同样正确。经济问题上的压力常常是婚姻终结的重要原因。面对高失业率、通货膨胀、实际收入的低增长时，工作的妻子能增加家庭收入，减轻经济压力。在提高家庭生活水平时，工作的妻子能促进家庭的经济和情感的稳定性。

心理因素同样也应该被考虑。比如，当妻子不外出工作，就会感到待在家里如同被关在笼子里似的。她可能认为自己唯一能逃脱的选择就是离婚。相反，如果她能在家庭外的工作中找到满足的话，工作和婚姻能一起创造一个更坚固稳定的组合。

当然，女性在婚姻中不平等地位的一个主要原因是：多数情况下，男性依然是家庭收入的主要来源。由于在外工作，赚钱能力和社会地位提高，成员在家庭中的权力也相应增加。工作的妻子可能取代丈夫成为一家之主。新的形势创造出更平等的夫妻关系还是带来新的不安定因素取决于夫妻双方对新形势的反应。

解题之路

1.选B 。此类题目正确率很低，这与平时阅读过度依赖字典和不重视语篇分析有关。解答此类题目时应对上下文之间的逻辑关系进行分析。portend在第一句，答案所依据的解题线索一般会在后文中。一、二两句的意思是：一些未来学家提出一个假设，劳动力中妇女的剧增可能预示着对婚姻的拒绝。根据这个假设，许多妇女将宁愿工作而不愿意结婚，我们可以推导出劳动力中妇女的剧增与拒绝婚姻是因果关系，所以选B.signal显示、预示。A.defy藐视，公然反抗；C.suffer from因……而遭罪；D.result from源于、是因为，颠倒了因果关系，如果改成result in就可以了。

2.选D 。本题是问当经济下滑时会出现什么情况？根据题干中的economy slides定位到文章第一段的倒数第二句，有数据表明……（Data show that…，为考点）。本句的意思是：有数据表明，经济下滑会使婚姻延期，因为双方没有经济能力建立一个家庭或者是担心未来经济拮据的日子。所以选D.more people would prefer to remain single for the time being更多的人会选择暂时单身，remain single for the time being=postpone marriage，推迟结婚就是暂时保持单身。这里命题者所使用的替换非常巧妙，属于正话反说。A.men would choose working women as their marriage partners男人会选择职业妇女作为结婚对象，干扰源在上一句the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner，与本题所设置的条件when the economy slides没有关系，偏离考点；B.more women would get married to seek financial security更多的妇女将会结婚以寻求经济的保障；C.even working women would worry about their marriages甚至职业妇女也会对她们的婚姻担心；B、C都无信息支持，是无中生有。

3.选C 。本题问如果妇女通过在外工作找到满足感，会怎么样？根据题干中的if/fulfillment定位到文章第三段的最后一句：如果她能够通过在外工作获得满足，那么工作和婚姻会一起创造一个更强大的、更稳定的联盟。所以应该选C.their marriage ties be can strengthened他们的婚姻纽带会得到加强。原文中的形容词“stronger”转化为选项中的动词“strengthen”，对于这类同义转述，应注意揣摩。A.they are more likely to dominate their marriage partners她们更加可能控制他们的婚姻对象，尽管最后一段提到A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house工作的妻子可能使丈夫不再成为一家之主，但dominate一词用得太过，而且也不符合本题所设置的条件If women…the home，偏离了考点；B.their husbands are expected to do more housework预计她们的丈夫会做更多的家务活，文章没有提到她们的丈夫会有什么变化，无信息支持；D.they tend to put their career before marriage她们可能会将职业置于比婚姻更优先的地位，也无信息支持。

4.选A 。本题是例证、原因考点。根据关键词with no career/seek a divorce定位到第三段的第二句和第三句，两句之间是因果关系。本题还考查了同学们对形象用法的理解。第二句意思为，如果妇女没有职业待在家中，她们会觉得像关在笼子里一样。所以应该选A.they feel that they have been robbed of their freedom他们觉得被剥夺了自由。B.they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbands她们害怕被丈夫呼来喝去；C.they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectations她们觉得丈夫没有能够符合她们的期望；D.they tend to suspect their husbands’loyalty to their marriage她们可能怀疑丈夫对婚姻的忠诚。三个干扰项都是无中生有，文中无信息支持。

5.选D 。本题问作者的观点。作者在文中的语气基本保持中立，只在最后一句表达了自己的观点。因此应该选D.The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case妇女工作人数的不断增多对于婚姻的影响是不尽相同的。A.The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country婚姻稳定和离婚率可能反映了国家的经济状况。尽管文中提到经济对婚姻的影响，但并不是作者的观点；B.Even when economically independent，most women have to struggle for real equality in marriage即使经济独立，大部分妇女仍然必须为婚姻中的真正平等而斗争。文中无信息支持；C.In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remain independent为了确保婚姻稳固，妇女应该外出工作并保持独立。文中无信息支持。

词汇精解

futurologist　n.未来学家

assume　vt.假定，设想，采取，呈现，认为

vast　adj.巨大的，广阔的，大量的

upsurge　n.高潮，剧增

workforce　n.工人总数，劳动力

portend　vt.预示

unsatisfactory　adj.令人不满意的，不得人心的

tension　n.紧张，不安，牵力，压力

financial　adj.财政的，金融的

unemployment　n.失业，失业人数

inflationary　adj.通货膨胀的

earnings　n.所得，收入

rejection　n.拒绝

downturn　n.低迷时期，下滑

postpone　vt.延迟，推迟，使延期

party　n.党，党派，（共同参加工作或活动的）队，组，群，一方

establish　vt.设立，安置，建立

ahead　adj.向前的，在前面的impact　n.碰撞，冲突，效果，影响

divorce　n.脱离，离婚

cloudy　adj.多云的，阴天的，阴沉的

realization　n.实现，意识到

provider　n.供应者，养家者，提供者

chance　n.机会，偶然性，运气，可能性

household　n.一家人，家庭，家族

income　n.收益，所得，收入

relieve　vt.援助，救济，解除，减轻

pressing　adj.急迫的，紧迫的

burden　n.担子，负担

capacity　n.容量，地位，才能，能力

status　n.状况，情形，身份，地位

occupation　n.占有，职业

exercise　vt.行使，执行

couple　n.一对，　一双，夫妇

equal　adj.相等的，均等的，胜任的，平等的

partnership　n.合伙，配对，伙伴关系

insecurity　n.不安全，不稳定，不稳定因素

难句解析

1.Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage.

【参考译文】 一些未来学家认为，劳动力中女性人数的激增预示着她们将拒绝婚姻。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主语是Some futurologists，谓语是have assumed，之后的that…marriage是宾语从句，该从句的主语是the vast upsurge，谓语是may protend，宾语是a rejection of marriage，in the workforce是women的后定语。

【知识链接】 assume that认为……；rejection of marriage拒绝婚姻

2.Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead.

【参考译文】 数据显示经济低迷会延缓婚姻，因为两个人负担不起组建一个家庭，或者担心结婚后的困难日子。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Data show//that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage//）（because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead）。第一部分是主句，其中的分隔号内是that引导的从句，作show的宾语，该从句的主语是economic downturns，谓语是tend to postpone，宾语是marriage；第二部分是because引导的原因状语从句，由or连接的两个句子构成，最后的ahead是rainy days的后定语。

【知识链接】 tend to do趋向于……；afford to do负担起……；be concerned about关注；rainy day拮据的日子

3.The impact of a wife’s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions.

【参考译文】 妇女工作对离婚的影响并不比其对决定结婚的影响小。

【结构分析】 这个句子的难点是A is no less…than B结构，即：A和B都不……；on divorce和on marriage decisions分别是work和impact的后定语。

【知识链接】 A is no less…than B一样都……；impact on对……的影响

4.The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage.

【参考译文】 意识到自己能够供养自己或许会增加职业妇女在遇到不满意的婚姻时选择离婚的可能性。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：The realization（that she can be a good provider）may increase the chances（that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage）。括号外是主句，即：The realization…chances，第一个括号内是realization的同位语从句，第二个括号内是chances的同位语从句，over…marriage是比较状语。

【知识链接】 working wife职业女性；choose…over…宁选……不选……

5.Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage.

【参考译文】 经济问题上的压力常常是婚姻终结的重要原因。

【结构分析】 这是一个简单句，主干是Tensions…play a key role，过去分词短语grounded…problems是主语的后定语，in...marriage是地点状语。

【知识链接】 be grounded in基于……；play a key role in…在……起关键作用

6.Given high unemployment，inflationary problems，and slow growth in real earnings，a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens.

【参考译文】 面对高失业率、通货膨胀、实际收入的低增长时，工作的妻子能增加家庭收入，减轻经济压力。

【结构分析】 Given…earnings是原因状语，Given是介词，in real earnings是growth的后定语；主干结构是a working wife can increase…and relieve…，即由and连接的两个并列句。

【知识链接】 high unemployment高失业率；inflationary problem通货膨胀问题；household income家庭收入；financial burden经济负担

7.With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within file family.

【参考译文】 由于在外工作，赚钱能力和社会地位提高，成员在家庭中的权力也相应增加。

【结构分析】 这是一个完全倒装句，主语是the capacity…family，不定式to exercise power是capacity的后定语，within file family是范围状语；谓语是comes，With…the home是伴随状语。

【知识链接】 status occupation显示地位的工作；outside of the home家庭之外；exercise power实施权力；file family按序排列的家庭

8.Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions，it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.

【参考译文】 新的形势创造出更平等的夫妻关系还是带来新的不安定因素取决于夫妻双方对新形势的反应。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是it could create…or it could create…insecurities，现在分词短语Depending upon…conditions是方式状语，其中的how…conditions是介词upon的宾语从句，介词短语to these new conditions是方向状语。

【知识链接】 depend upon依靠；react to对……做出反应

Passage 5

For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers，it was self-evident that there is something called human nature，something that constitutes the essence of man.There were various views about what constitutes it，but there was agreement that such an essence exists—that is to say，that there is something by virtue of which man is man.Thus man was defined as a rational being，as a social animal，an animal that can make tools，or a symbol-making animal.

More recently，this traditional view has begun to be questioned.One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man.An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called“human nature.”The historical approach was reinforced，particularly in the United States，by studies in the field of cultural anthropology（人类学）.The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs，values，feelings，and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed.In the name of human nature，for example，Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery.Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society，scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness，competitiveness，and selfishness as innate（天生的）human traits.Popularly，one refers cynically to“human nature”in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed，murder，cheating and lying.

Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking.Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution，the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable.Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.

1.The traditional view of“human nature”was strongly challenged by______.

A.the emergence of the evolutionary theory

B.the historical approach to man

C.new insight into human behavior

D.the philosophical analysis of slavery

2.According to the passage，anthropologists believe that human beings______.

A.have some traits in common

B.are born with diverse cultures

C.are born without a fixed nature

D.change their characters as they grow up

3.The author mentioned Aristotle，a great ancient thinker，in order to______.

A.emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of“human nature”

B.show that the concept of“human nature”was used to justify social evils

C.prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of“human nature”

D.support the idea that some human traits are acquired

4.The word“untenable”（Line 3）in the last paragraph of the passage most probably means______.

A.invaluable

B.imaginable

C.changeable

D.indefensible

5.Most philosophers believed that human nature______.

A.is the quality distinguishing man from other animals

B.consists of competitiveness and selfishness

C.is something partly innate and partly acquired

D.consists of rationality and undesirable behavior

参考译文

对于从古希腊哲学家以来的大多数思想家而言，有一点是不言自明的，那就是人类天性的存在，它是人的本质。关于它的组成有许多不同的观点，但对于它的存在则是一种共识，也就是说存在着一种东西，人因此而得以成为人。所以人类被定义为一种理性的生命，一种社会动物，一种能制造工具和符号的动物。

近来，这种传统观点开始受到质疑。这种变化的一个原因是日益强调从历史角度研究人类。对人类历史的一项研究表明，我们这个时代的人与以前时代人的区别很大，所以认为任何时代的人都有一种被称为人类天性的东西是不现实的。文化人类学领域的研究更加强了这种历史的研究方法，特别是在美国。对原始人的研究发现，他们有着多样的习俗、价值观、感情和思想，所以许多人类学家都认为人类生来像一张白纸，每种文化都可以在上面书写自己的篇章。另一个否定人性固有属性的因素是人性这个概念常被滥用，已成为许多暴行的挡箭牌。比如，在人类天性的名义下，从亚里士多德到18世纪的大多数思想家都维护奴隶制。为了证明资本主义形式的合理性和必要性，学者们试图证明贪婪、竞争和自私是人类与生俱有的特性。人们甚至普遍地把“人类天性”讥讽地定义为接受类似贪婪、谋杀、欺骗和谎言这些难以忍受的人类行为是不可避免的。

另一个怀疑人类天性定义的原因可能是进化论的影响。一旦人类被认为是在进化过程中不断发展，一种物质具有其本质的想法是站不住脚的。但是我相信，正是从进化论的角度来看，我们可以期待对人类本性问题的新见解。

解题之路

1.选B 。细节题。题干大意是：关于human nature的传统观点受到什么的强烈质疑。可在文章的第二段定位，即More recently，this traditional view has begun to be questioned.One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man指出关于人性的这一传统观点最近受到质疑，其中一个原因是对人类的历史方法的研究得到了重视。

2.选C 。本题问人类学家的观点是什么？根据anthropologist可以将问题定位到第二段many anthropologists arrived at the concept man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.根据语篇关键词human nature，可以确定答案为C.are born without a fixed nature人生来并没有一个固定的本性。

3.选B 。本题问作者提到亚里士多德的目的是什么？明显的例证考点，答案指向该例子上面的作者观点句，也就是Another factor的内容，所以应该选B.show that the concept of“human nature”was used to justify social evils表明human nature这个概念用于替社会邪恶作辩护。A.emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of“human nature”和C.prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of“human nature”与原文无关；D.support the idea that some human traits are acquired支持某些人类特性是后天获得的观点，本选项的支持句是Or in order to…scholars have tried to….as innate human traits，但是偏离了考点，非本题所问的内容，注意本题是针对亚里士多德发问的。他利用了human nature来为slavery辩护，slavery属于social evils。

4.选D 。本题要求考生推断生词的意思。文章第三段第一句说，另外一个对human nature怀疑的理由可能是因为进化论的影响。接着做了进一步阐述，一旦人类被看做是在进化的过程中发展的，那么人类具有某种本质性的东西的观点看起来就站不住脚了。文中a substance which is contained in his essence显然是指human nature。从这两句可以看出，作者认为从进化的角度来看，human nature应该被质疑。所以推断untenable的意思必定是否定的贬义词，对human nature这个概念提出了否定。由此选择D.indefensible不合理的，站不住脚的。纵观全文，作者对关于human nature的传统观点持否定态度。但A.invaluable无价的，B.imaginable可想象的，C.changeable可改变的，这三个选项都违背了作者否定的意思。

5.选A 。本题问大部分哲学家对人类天性的看法。题目指向原文第一段第一句及其后的内容，文中的thinkers实际上指的就是本题的philosophers。第一段说大部分哲学家一致同意人类具有天性，因而人才成其为人，成为社会动物。言下之意，才和其他动物有所区别。所以应该选A.is the quality distinguishing man from other animals是一种将人类和其他动物区分开来的特性，解答这道题需要对原文经过一定的理解、推断。B.consists of competitiveness and selfishness和D.consists of rationality and undesirable behavior中的实词competitiveness，selfishness，rationality和undesirable behavior都是出自原文第二段第二层细节处，不是哲学家们的观点，应予排除。他们也没有说人类天性是部分天生、部分后天获得的，所以C.is something partly innate and partly acquired也不能选。

词汇精解

thinker　n.思想者，思想家

Greek　adj.希腊人的，希腊语的，希腊的

philosopher　n.哲人，哲学家

constitute　vt.制定（法律），建立，构成

essence　n.本质，精髓

agreement　n.一致，同意，协议，共识

increasing　adj.渐增的，越来越多的

emphasis　n.强调，重点

historical　adj.历史的，有关历史的

approach　n.接近，步骤，途径，方法

examination　n.考试，检查，审查，审视

humanity　n.人性，仁慈，人类

epoch　n.新纪元，时期，时代

previous　adj.在前的，早先的，以前的

unrealistic　adj.不切实际的，不现实的

age　n.年龄，成年，时代

primitive　adj.远古的，原始的，粗糙的

people　n.人，人类，民族

diversity　n.差异，多样性

custom　n.习惯，海关，风俗

anthropologist　n.人类学者，人类学家

concept　n.观念，概念

blank　adj.空着的，空白的，没有表情的

factor　n.要素，因素

tendency　n.倾向，趋向

deny　vt.拒绝，否认

assumption　n.假定，设想，假说

abuse　vt.辱骂，虐待，滥用

shield　n.防护，盾牌，挡箭牌

commit　vt.犯（罪），做（坏事）

rationality　n.合理性

necessity　n.需要，必要性，必需品

capitalist　adj.资本主义的

acquisitiveness　n.贪婪

competitiveness　n.竞争，竞争性

selfishness　n.自私，自私自利

innate　adj.先天的，天生的

trait　n.特点，特性

once　conj.一旦

evolution　n.进展，发展，演变，进化

substance　n.物质，实质，主旨

contain　vt.容纳，容忍，包含

untenable　adj.不能维持的，站不住脚的

precisely　adv.精确地，恰好，正好

evolutionary　adj.进化的，进化论的

standpoint　n.立场，观点

insight　n.洞察力，见识，见解

难句解析

1.For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers，it was self-evident that there is something called human nature，something that constitutes the essence of man.

【参考译文】 对于从古希腊哲学家以来的大多数思想家而言，有一点是不言自明的，那就是人类天性的存在，它是人的本质。

【结构分析】 句子可以切分为：（For most thinkers//since the Greek philosophers//），（it was self-evident//that there is something called human nature//），（something//that constitutes the essence of man//）。第一部分是范围状语，since…philosophers是thinkers的后定语；第二部分是主干，即形式主语句，it指代后面that引导的从句，其中的过去分词短语called human nature是something的后定语；第三部分是一名词短语，作前面human nature的同位语，其中的that…man是something的后定语。

【知识链接】 it is self-evident that……不言自明；human nature人性

2.But there was agreement that such an essence exists—that is to say，that there is something by virtue of which man is man.

【参考译文】 但对于它的存在则是一种共识，也就是说存在着一种东西，人因此而得以成为人。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（But there was agreement）（that such an essence exists—//that is to say//，that there is something//by virtue of which man is man//）。第一部分是主句，即There be结构；第二部分的主干是两个并列从句，即that such an…that there is…，是前面agreement的同位语从句，其中的that is to say是插入语，by virtue of…is man是something的定语从句。

【知识链接】 that is to say即，就是说；by virtue of借助，依靠

3.One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man.

【参考译文】 这种变化的一个原因是日益强调从历史角度研究人类。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：One reason…was the increasing emphasis，for this change是主语的后定语，过去分词短语given…man是emphasis的后定语，to man是approach的后定语。

【知识链接】 approach to…对于……的看法

4.An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called“human nature.”

【参考译文】 对人类历史的一项研究表明，我们这个时代的人与以前时代人的区别很大，所以认为任何时代的人都有一种被称为人类天性的东西是不现实的。

【结构分析】 这是一个比较复杂的句子，可以切分为：（An examination of the history of humanity suggested//that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times//）（that it seemed unrealistic to assume//that men in every age have had in common something//）（that can be called“human nature.”）。第一部分是主干，其中that引导的从句是suggested的宾语，in our epoch是第一个man的后定语，in previous times是第二个man的后定语；第二部分是that引导的结果状语从句，与前面的so相互呼应，该从句的主语it指代后面的不定式to assume…“human nature”，assume之后that引导的从句是其宾语，该从句中的in every age是主语men的后定语，in common是宾语something的定语；第三部分是that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的something。

【知识链接】 so…that…如此……以致……；be different from不同于；have…in common具有……的共性

5.The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs，values，feelings，and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.

【参考译文】 对原始人的研究发现，他们有着多样的习俗、价值观、感情和思想，所以许多人类学家都认为人类生来像一张白纸，每种文化都可以在上面书写自己的篇章。

【结构分析】 这个句子比较复杂，可以切分为：（The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs，values，feelings，and thoughts）（that many anthropologists arrived at the concept）（that man is born as a blank sheet of paper//on which each culture writes its text）。第一部分是主干，主语是The study，谓语是has discovered，宾语是such a…thoughts；第二部分是that引导的结果状语从句，与前面的such相呼应；第三部分是that引导的concept的同位语从句，as a blank sheet of paper是方式状语，分隔号内是on which引导的paper的定语从句。

【知识链接】 a diversity of各种各样的；arrive at the concept that认为……；a sheet of一张（纸）

6.Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed.

【参考译文】 另一个否定人性固有属性的因素是人性这个概念常被滥用，已成为许多暴行的挡箭牌。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主干是：Another factor…was that…，即主系表结构，现在分词短语contributing to the tendency是factor的后定语，不定式to deny…nature是tendency的后定语，that引导的表语从句可以切分为：the concept has so often been abused//as a shield//behind which the most inhuman acts are committed//，介词短语as a shield是方式状语，behind which…are committed是shield的定语从句。

【知识链接】 contribute to导致；tendency to…易于……

7.Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society，scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness，competitiveness，and selfishness as innate human traits.

【参考译文】 为了证明资本主义形式的合理性和必要性，学者们试图证明贪婪、竞争和自私是人类与生俱来的特性。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society），（scholars have tried to make a case//for acquisitiveness，competitiveness，and selfishness//as innate human traits//）。第一部分是in order to引导的目的状语；第二部分是主干，主语是scholars，谓语是have tried to make，宾语是a case，for…selfishness是case的后定语，as…traits是case的宾语补足语。

【知识链接】 in order to为了……；try to do试图……；human trait人性

8.Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution，the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable.

【参考译文】 一旦人类被认为是在进化过程中不断发展，一种物质具有其本质的想法是站不住脚的。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Once man came to be seen//as developing in the process of evolution//），（the idea of a substance//which is contained in his essence//seemed untenable）。第一部分是Once引导的时间状语从句，as developing是主语man的补足语，in the process of evolution是时间状语；第二部分是主句，主语是the idea，谓语是seemed，表语是untenable，分隔号内是which引导的substance的定语从句。

【知识链接】 come to do逐步……；be seen as被看做……；in the process of在……过程中

9.Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.

【参考译文】 但是我相信，正是从进化论的角度来看，我们可以期待对人类本性问题的新见解。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：Yet I believe（it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint//that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man//）。括号外是主句的主+谓结构，即I believe，括号内是believe的宾语从句，是一个强调结构，即it is…that…，被强调的是地点状语，分隔号内是该强调句的主干，主语是we，谓语是can expect，宾语是new insight，into…man是insight的后定语。

【知识链接】 insight into…对于……的见解；the nature of man人性

Passage 6

Richard Satava，program manager for advanced medical technologies，has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine，where computers create a“virtual”or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners（从业者）.

“With virtual reality we’ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench，”said Satava.He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S.The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets（头盔）that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound.The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

Although Satava’s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure，scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery.Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device.As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery，they move instruments that are connected to a computer，which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force，textures，and sound.

These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine.At Wayne State University Medical School，surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image.She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest，least invasive surgical path to the tumor（肿瘤）.Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions.While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain，she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.

During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view.And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.

Satava says，“We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”

1.According to Richard Satava，the application of virtual reality to medicine______.

A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield

B.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield

C.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield

D.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield

2.Richard Satava has visions of______.

A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas

B.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield

C.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons

D.setting up mobile surgical units overseas

3.How is virtual reality surgery performed？

A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.

B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.

C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.

D.A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.

4.During virtual reality operations，the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because______.

A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen

B.the cuts can be examined from different angles

C.the cuts have been highly magnified

D.he is wearing 3-D glasses

5.Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they______.

A.cause less pain to the wounded

B.allow the patient to recover more quickly

C.will make human surgeons’work less tedious

D.are done by robot surgeons with greater precision

参考译文

Richard Satava是一位高级医疗技术方面的项目经理，一直积极推动把虚拟现实应用到医学领域，这使得计算机为外科医生和其他医疗工作者创造了一个虚拟或者模拟的环境。

Satava说：“利用虚拟现实我们可以把外科医生放在每个战壕里。”他设想了一个场景，即在海外战斗受伤的士兵被安置在装备有计算机的移动手术室中。计算机可以把受伤士兵的图像传送给在美国的外科医生，医生可以利用虚拟现实头盔来观察士兵，这个头盔包含有一个能显示伤口图像的小屏幕。医生可以操作战场中移动手术室里的遥控设备来进行手术。

尽管Satava的想法离标准的手术程序领先了好多年，科学家们正在推进虚拟现实手术的过程。加利福尼亚一家国际组织的工程师们正在研究一种电视手术设备。医生观察手术室的三维图像来操作连接在电脑上的仪器，然后电脑把医生的动作传送到进行手术的遥控设备。电脑反馈给医生力度、肌理和声音方面的信息。

这些技术奇迹可能还不能成为社区医院的设备，但是这些机器将日益应用于民用医疗。在韦恩州立大学医学院，Lucia Zamorano医生通过电脑扫描来获取大脑的影像，然后再用一个电脑程序做出3D影像。她在电脑屏幕上操纵3D影像来计算规划用时最短、伤害最小的肿瘤手术方案。Zamorano还使用在手术器械上安置探针以追踪其位置的技术。在进行大脑深部的肿瘤切除时，她可以观察手术器具在事先做好的电脑上的大脑图像中的运动。

在操纵微型相机和手术器械进行体内微小部分的切除手术时，医生们戴着3D眼镜来获得更好的观察图像。他们可以操作机器医生来切除任何组织，而且比人类医生更为精确。

Satava说：“我们正处在医疗领域发生根本变化的时代中。”

解题之路

1.选C 。本题问根据Richard Satava，虚拟现实技术在医学上的应用会有什么后果？Satava在本文第二段中说，拥有虚拟现实，我们将可以使每个战壕里都有医生；在最后一段中说，我们正处于医学领域的根本变革中。根据这两句，并结合整篇文章考虑，可以得出本题应选C.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield将极大地改善战场上的医疗条件。A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield，该选项和实际情况恰恰相反；B.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield，文中根本没有提到提高士兵士气这一点；D.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield，文中也未提及虚拟现实技术可以使受伤士兵的手术时间缩短。

2.选A 。本题问Satava有什么设想？问题出处必须以Satava为主语，文中涉及Satava的句子并不多，我们可以迅速定位到第二段第二句，其中envisage和has visions of对应，本句大意为：他设想可以将海外受伤的士兵放在配有计算机的移动手术病房里。接着的第三段大意：计算机将把士兵伤口的图像传给远在美国的戴着头盔的医生，头盔上会有图像显示。根据以上内容，答案可以确定为A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas使用远程控制技术来治疗在海外受伤的士兵。B.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield受伤的士兵在战场上被戴着虚拟现实头盔的医生救治，错在on the battlefield，因为原文说带着头盔的医生并不要亲临战场；C.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons受伤的士兵由受到特别训练的医生手术，原文没有提及；D.setting up mobile surgical units overseas在海外建立移动手术病房，和答案沾点边，但并不确切，没有说出虚拟现实技术的实质。

3.选C 。本题问虚拟现实手术是如何进行的？根据关键词virtual reality surgery，可以将问题定位到文章第四段。该段第三句说，医生一面观察手术的三维图像，一面移动和一台计算机连着的手术器械，计算机将医生的移动信息传给实施手术的机器人器械，并向医生反馈关于力度、质地和声音的信息。据此，应选C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them医生通过与之相连接的计算机来移动机器人器械。A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device，本选项错在computer-designed，文中并没有说高精度设备是计算机设计的；B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer这只是医生在手术时的一个局部情况，并不能说明虚拟现实手术如何进行；D.A 3-D image records the movement。

4.选D 。本题问在进行虚拟现实手术时，医生为什么可以更好地看到身体上的切口？根据关键词better view等可定位到文章倒数第二段第一句，During these procedures和题干During virtual reality operations对应，本句大意为：在这些操纵微型摄像头和手术器具、通过身体上的小切口进行手术的过程中，医生戴着3D眼镜以获得更好的视觉。可见医生看得更好的直接、根本的原因就是因为戴了3D眼镜，因此选D.he is wearing 3-D glasses。A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen，该选项未突出题干中的better view的意思；B.the cuts can be examined from different angles，文中并未提及；C.the cuts have been highly magnified该选项只是现象，而非原因。

5.选D 。本题问虚拟现实手术在哪方面是对传统手术的改进？文中第四段、第五段讲了虚拟现实手术由机器人器械进行，医生通过计算机来控制，通过计算机生成的3D图像来确定最短的、危害最小的手术途径等，都说明了虚拟现实手术比传统手术的先进性，D.are done by robot surgeons with greater precision最好地结合了两段的内容。文中没有提到虚拟现实手术可以使伤者的痛苦小点，可以使病人更快康复，可以使医生的工作不枯燥，所以A.cause less pain to the wounded，B.allow the patient to recover more quickly和C.will make human surgeons’work less tedious均应排除。

词汇精解

advanced　adj.先进的，年老的，高级的

medical　adj.医学的，医疗的

virtual　adj.实质的，虚拟的

simulated　adj.模仿的，冒充的，模拟的

environment　n.环境，外界

surgeon　n.外科医生

transmit　vt.传输，传达，发射，传递

image　n.图像，肖像，形象

guide　vt.管理，带领，指导

robotic　adj.机器人的

instrument　n.工具，手段，器械，仪器

battlefield　n.战场

practitioner　n.从业者，开业者

envisage　vt.构想，想象

wounded　adj.受伤的

overseas　adv.在海外

mobile　adj.易变的，机动的，可移动的

surgical　adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术的

surgeon　n.外科医生

helmet　n.头盔，钢盔

screen　n.屏幕

display　vt.陈列，展览，展示

operate　vt.操作，运转，开动，做手术

perform　vt.履行，执行，表演，从事

tumor　n.肿瘤

graphic　n.图像

procedure　n.手续，程序

texture　n.纹理，肌理，结构，质地

machinery　n.机器，机械

miniature　adj.微型的，缩小的

maneuver　vt.移动，操作

view　n.观点，见解，意见，景象

难句解析

1.Richard Satava，program manager for advanced medical technologies，has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine，where computers create a“virtual”or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.

【参考译文】 Richard Satava是一位高级医疗技术方面的项目经理，一直积极推动把虚拟现实应用到医学领域，这使得计算机为外科医生和其他医疗工作者创造了一个虚拟或者模拟的环境。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Richard Satava，//program manager for advanced medical technologies//，has been a driving force//in bringing virtual reality to medicine//），（where computers create a“virtual”or simulated environment//for surgeons and other medical practitioners//）。第一部分是主句，主干是Richard Satava…has been a driving force，第一个分隔号内是一名词短语，作主语Richard Satava的同位语，for…technologies是program manager的后定语，第二个分隔号内的in…medicine是范围状语；第二部分是where引导的非限定定语从句，修饰前面的medicine，其中的for…practitioners是范围状语。

【知识链接】 program manager项目经理；driving force推动力；simulated environment虚拟环境；medical practitioner从医者

2.He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

【参考译文】 他设想了一个场景，即在海外战斗受伤的士兵被安置在装备有计算机的移动手术室中。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（He envisaged a time）（when soldiers//who are wounded fighting overseas//are put in mobile surgical units//equipped with computers//）。第一部分是主句；第二部分是when引导的a time的定语从句，其主干是soldiers…are put in mobile surgical units，第一个分隔号内是who引导的soldiers的定语从句，主语是who，谓语是are wounded，现在分词fighting是伴随状语，overseas是地点状语，第二个分隔号内的过去分词短语equipped with computers是units的后定语。

【知识链接】 surgical unit手术室；be equipped with装备有……

3.The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound.

【参考译文】 医生可以利用虚拟现实头盔来观察士兵，这个头盔包含有一个能显示伤口图像的小屏幕。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（The surgeons would look at the soldier//through virtual reality helmets//）（that contain a small screen//displaying the image of the wound//）。第一部分是主句，through…helmets是方式状语；第二部分是that引导的helmets的定语从句，现在分词短语displaying…wound是前面screen的后定语。

【知识链接】 virtual reality虚拟现实

4.The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

【参考译文】 医生可以操作战场上移动手术室里的遥控设备进行手术。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句是The doctors would guide robotic instruments，介词短语in…unit是宾语robotic instruments的后定语，that…soldier是robotic instruments的定语从句。

【知识链接】 robotic instrument机器人设备；in the battlefield战场上

5.As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery，they move instruments that are connected to a computer，which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.

【参考译文】 医生观察手术室的三维图像来操作连接在电脑上的仪器，然后电脑把医生的动作传送到进行手术的遥控设备。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery），（they move instruments//that are connected to a computer//），（which passes their movements to robotic instruments//that perform the surgery//）。第一部分是As引导的时间状语从句；第二部分是主句，其中的主语they指代前面从句的surgeons，分隔号内是th引导的instruments的定语从句；第三部分是which引导的定语从句，修饰computer，their指代前面的instruments，分隔号内是that引导的robotic instruments的定语从句。

【知识链接】 three-dimensional三维的；be connected to与……连接

6.While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain，she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.

【参考译文】 在进行大脑深部的肿瘤切除时，她可以观察手术器具在事先做好的电脑上的大脑图像中的运动。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（While cutting away a tumor//deep in the brain//），（she watches the movement of her surgical tools//in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain////taken before surgery//）。第一部分是While引导的时间状语从句，形容词短语deep…brain是tumor的后定语；第二部分是主句，in…brain是地点状语，过去分词taken是前面computer graphics image的后定语，before surgery是时间状语。

【知识链接】 cut away切除

7.During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view.

【参考译文】 在操纵微型相机和手术器械进行体内微小部分的切除手术时，医生们戴着3D眼镜来获得更好的观察图像。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干在最后，即surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses，for a better view是目的状语；句首的During these procedures是时间状语；破折号之间的内容是难点，不过整体上是一名词短语，作前面procedures的同位语，可以切分为：operations（that are done through small cuts in the body）（in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered），第一部分是that引导的operations的定语从句，in the body是small cuts的后定语；第二部分是in which引导的small cuts的定语从句。

【知识链接】 3-D三维的；miniature camera微型照相机

Passage 7

In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines（JAL）jet crashed，its president，Yasumoto Takagi，called each victim’s family to apologize，and then promptly resigned.And in 1987，when a subsidiary of Toshiba sold sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union，the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post.

These executive actions，which Toshiba calls“the highest form of apology，”may seem bizarre to US managers.No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash，which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair.

The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation.While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees，Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs.Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management，the Toshiba top executives said they“must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable，even in an independently run subsidiary.”

Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan.School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours.Even if they do not quit，Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways，such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble.Such personal sacrifices，even if they are largely symbolic，help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.

Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame“almost a feudal（封建的）way of purging（清除）the community of dishonor，”and to some in the United States，such resignations look cowardly.However，in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility，many US managers would probably welcome an infusion（灌输）of the Japanese sense of responsibility.If，for instance，US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts，negotiations would probably take on a very different character.

1.Why did the chairman of Toshiba resign his position in 1987？

A.In Japan，the leakage of a slate secret to Russians is a grave came.

B.He had been under attack for shifting responsibility to his subordinates.

C.In Japan，the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mistake made by its subsidiaries.

D.He had been accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place in his corporation.

2.According to the passage，if you want to be a good manager in Japan，you have to______.

A.apologize promptly for your subordinates’mistakes

B.be skillful in accepting blames from customers

C.make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary

D.create a strong sense of company loyalty

3.What’s Professor George Lodge’s attitude towards the resignations of Japanese corporate leaders？

A.Sympathetic.B.Biased.C.Critical.D.Approving.

4.Which of the following statements is TRUE？

A.Boeing had nothing to do with the JAL air crash in 1985.

B.American executives consider authority and responsibility inseparable.

C.School principals bear legal responsibility for students’crimes.

D.Persuading employees to take pay cuts doesn’t help solve corporate crises.

5.The passage is mainly about______.

A.resignation as an effective way of dealing with business crises

B.the importance of delegating responsibility to employees

C.ways of evading responsibility in times of crises

D.the difference between two business cultures

参考译文

1985年，当日本航空公司（JAL，简称日航）的飞机失事之后，日航总裁Yasumoto Takagi向每位遇难者家属打电话致歉，然后很快辞职了。1987年，当东芝公司的一家子公司向苏联出售敏感的军事技术时，东芝总裁因此辞去了职务。

这些被东芝公司称为“最高形式道歉”的行政行为对于美国的经理人可能觉得很奇怪。JAL事故之后，波音公司没有任何人辞职，而这起事故有可能是波音公司修理中出现故障而引起的。

这两种商业文化的差异集中表现在对于授权定义的不同理解。美国的企业领导向下属授权时，同时让其承担相应责任，而日本的领导则只对下属授权，而责任仍然是他们的。尽管向苏联出售敏感技术的子公司有其自己的管理体系，但对于“没有在整个东芝集团内创造一种气氛，即使是在独立运行的子公司里，使员工都不会产生出售敏感技术这一想法”，东芝高管认为他们“应承担个人责任”。

在日本，这种承担社团责任的行为并不仅限于商界。学校的校长就曾经为学生在课外时间犯罪而辞职。即使他们不辞职，日本行政官们将会以其他方式承担主要责任，比如当公司陷入财政问题时，行政长官们将会首先降薪。这种个人牺牲，虽然很大程度上是象征性的，却有助于形成一种集体意识和员工的忠诚度，这对日本人的经营之道是很关键的。

哈佛商学院的教授George Lodge将这种仪式性的承担过失称为“近乎是一种清除社团耻辱的封建方式”，这在一些美国人看来辞职是懦弱的表现。然而，在当今美国，在这个公司和政府的领导者都很善于逃避责任的时代，很多美国经理人可能都很欢迎日本的这种责任感。例如，如果美国汽车制造公司的管理者们在要求员工减薪之前主动减少自己的工资，那么和员工协商减薪一事的结果将是非常不同的。

解题之路

1.选C 。细节题。从第三段的第二句可得知答案。美国主管将责任和权力同时给雇员，而日本主管只是将权力下放给雇员，责任仍然留给自己。这一句的delegate意思是授权，把……委托给别人。故在日本，即使子公司出错，公司总经理也要承担责任。

2.选A 。推理题。美国和日本的公司围绕delegation（授权，委托）的解释，形成了不同的企业文化，而日本人无论是在公司还是学校，下属有错，第一负责人首先难辞其咎。

3.选C 。细节题。根据第五段的第一句可得知答案。哈佛商学院的这名教授称这种老一套接受他人责备的方法为封建式洗刷集体耻辱的方法，故选C。

4.选B 。从第三段的第二句可得知答案。“US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees”，美国的企业管理者会把责任和职权都交给员工，说明他们认为责任和职权是一体的。其他选项A.见第二段第二句“No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash，which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair.”C.错在legal，校长不负法律责任；D.与文中意思刚好相反，见最后一句。

5.选D 。考查对文章主旨的理解，只要理解全文就不难选对。

词汇精解

jet　n.喷气式飞机

crash　vi.碰撞，坠落，坠毁

president　n.总统，校长，总裁

victim　n.受害者，牺牲品，遇难者

apologize　vi.道歉

quit　vt.离开，放弃，解除

sacrifice　n.祭品，供奉，献身，牺牲

largely　adv.主要地，大量地，很大程度上

symbolic　adj.符号的，象征性的

loyalty　n.忠心，忠诚

promptly　adv.敏捷地，迅速地，立刻

resign　v.辞职

executive　n.执行者，管理者

responsibility　n.职责，责任

authority　n.威信，权力，职权，权威

employee　n.职员，雇员

delegate　vt.委派，授权

subsidiary　n.附属物，附件，子公司

sensitive　adj.灵敏的，感光的，敏感的

management　n.经营，操纵，处理，管理

atmosphere　n.大气，空气，氛围

unthinkable　adj.不可想象的，想象不到的

independently　adv.独立地，自立地

primary　adj.初步的，初级的，第一位的，主要的

ritual　adj.典礼的，（宗教）仪式的

acceptance　n.容忍，赞同，接受

blame　n.责备，指责

feudal　adj.封地的，领地的，封建的

purge　vt.使净化，肃清，清除

dishonor　n.蒙羞，耻辱

era　n.纪元，时期，时代

particularly　adv.独特地，尤其

evade　vt.规避，躲避，逃避

infusion　n.灌输

automobile　n.（美）汽车

reduce　vt.缩小，简化，减少

salary　n.薪水，工资

negotiation　n.商议，谈判

character　n.特性，特质，品质，特点

难句解析

1.In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines（JAL）jet crashed，its president，Yasumoto Takagi，called each victim’s family to apologize，and then promptly resigned.

【参考译文】 1985年，当日本航空公司（JAL，简称日航）的飞机失事之后，日航总裁Yasumoto Takagi向每位遇难者家属打电话致歉，然后很快辞职了。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是its president…called each victim’s family…and promptly resigned，Yasumoto Takagi是主语president的同位语，不定式to apologize是family的宾语补足语，when…crashed是1985的定语从句。

【知识链接】 Japan Air Lines日本航空公司

2.While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees，Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs.

【参考译文】 美国的企业领导向下属授权时，同时让其承担相应责任，而日本的领导则只对下属授权，而责任仍然是他们的。

【结构分析】 While…employees是时间状语从句，其后是主句，由破折号前后的两部分构成，破折号之后的句子是对前一句的延伸，theirs指代前面的employees。

【知识链接】 give sth.to sb.给某人……

3.Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management，the Toshiba top executives said they“must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable，even in an independently run subsidiary.”

【参考译文】 尽管向苏联出售敏感技术的子公司有其自己的管理体系，但对于“没有在整个东芝集团内创造一种气氛，即使是在独立运行的子公司里，使员工都不会产生出售敏感技术这一想法”，东芝高管认为他们“应承担个人责任”。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，让步状语从句的主干是：Although the subsidiary…had its own management，that…the Soviets是subsidiary的定语从句；主句比较复杂，可以切分为：the Toshiba top executives said[they“must take personal responsibility（for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group//that would make such activity unthinkable，even in an independently run subsidiary.”//）]。中括号内是said的宾语从句，小括号内的介词短语for not…Toshiba group是结果状语，分隔号内是that引导的atmosphere的定语从句，in…run subsidiary是地点状语，run是过去分词，作subsidiary的定语。

【知识链接】 top executive高层管理者；take responsibility for为……承担责任

4.Even if they do not quit，Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways，such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble.

【参考译文】 即使他们不辞职，日本行政官们将会以其他方式承担主要责任，比如当公司陷入财政问题时，行政长官们将会首先降薪。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，Even if…quit是让步状语从句，they指代后面的Japanese executives；主句的主干是Japanese executives will often accept…responsibility，in other ways是方式状语，such as…cut是ways的后定语，when…trouble是时间状语从句。

【知识链接】 even if即使（引导让步状语从句）；in other ways用其他方式；pay cut降薪；get into trouble陷入困境

5.Such personal sacrifices，even if they are largely symbolic，help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.

【参考译文】 这种个人牺牲，虽然很大程度上是象征性的，却有助于形成一种集体意识和员工的忠诚度，这对日本人的经营之道是很关键的。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，even if they…symbolic是让步状语从句，they指代前面的sacrifices；主句的主语是Such personal sacrifices，谓语是help to create，宾语是the sense…loyalty，最后的that…business是宾语的定语从句。

【知识链接】 sense of community集体感；be crucial to对……很关键；do business做生意

6.Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame“almost a feudal way of purging the community of dishonor.”

【参考译文】 哈佛商学院的教授George Lodge将这种仪式性的承担过失称为“近乎是一种清除社团耻辱的封建方式”。

【结构分析】 这是一个简单句，主语是Harvard…Lodge，谓语是calls，宾语是the…blame，引号内是一名词短语，作宾语的补足语。

【知识链接】 Harvard Business School哈佛商学院

7.However，in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility，many US managers would probably welcome an infusion of the Japanese sense of responsibility.

【参考译文】 然而，在当今美国，在这个公司和政府的领导者都很善于逃避责任的时代，很多美国经理人可能都很欢迎日本的这种责任感。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是many US managers would probably welcome an infusion；in an era是时间状语，之后是in which引导的era的定语从句，主语是both business and governmental leaders，谓语是seem，表语是good at，动名词短语evading responsibility是at的宾语。

【知识链接】 be good at善于……；sense of responsibility责任感

8.If，for instance，US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts，negotiations would probably take on a very different character.

【参考译文】 例如，如果美国汽车制造公司的管理者们在要求员工减薪之前主动减少自己的工资，那么和员工协商减薪一事的结果将是非常不同的。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主语是negotiations，谓语是would probably take on，宾语是a very different character；if引导的条件状语从句的主语是US automobile company executives，谓语是offered to reduce，宾语是their own salaries，之后的before…pay cuts是时间状语从句，其中的不定式to take pay cuts是their workers的宾语补足语。

【知识链接】 offere to do主动……；take on呈现

Passage 8

As machines go，the car is not terribly noisy，nor terribly polluting，nor terribly dangerous；and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older.The main problem is its prevalence，and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if，say，only the rich were to use it.It is a price we pay for equality.

Before becoming too gloomy，it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so.The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s.In New York city in 1900，according to The Car Culture，a 1975 book by J.Flink，a historian，horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure（粪）and 60,000 gallons of urine（尿）every day.Every year，the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets.It made cars smell of roses.

Cars were also wonderfully flexible.The main earlier solution to horse pollution and traffic jams was the electric trolley bus（电车）.But that required fixed overhead wires，and rails and platforms，which were expensive，ugly，and inflexible.The car could go from any A to any B，and allowed towns to develop in all directions with low-density housing，rather than just being concentrated along the trolley or rail lines.Rural areas benefited too，for they became less remote.

However，since pollution became a concern in the 1950s，experts have predicted—wrongly—that the car boom was about to end.In his book Mr.Flink argued that by 1973 the American market had become saturated，at one car for every 2.25 people，and so had the markets of Japan and Western Europe（because of land shortages）.Environmental worries and diminishing oil reserves would prohibit mass car use anywhere else.

He was wrong.Between 1970 and 1990，whereas America’s population grew by 23%，the number of cars on its roads grew by 60%.There is now one car for every 1.7 people there，one for every 2.1 in Japan，one for every 5.3 in Britain.Around 550 million cars are already on the roads，not to mention all the trucks and motorcycles，and about 50 million new ones are made each year worldwide.Will it go on？Undoubtedly，because people want it to.

1.As is given in the first paragraph，the reason why the car has become a problem is that______.

A.poor people can’t afford it

B.it is too expensive to maintain

C.too many people are using it

D.it causes too many road accidents

2.According to the passage，the car started to gain popularity because______.

A.it didn’t break down as easily as a horse

B.it had a comparatively pleasant odor

C.it caused less pollution than horses

D.it brightened up the gloomy streets

3.What impact did the use of cars have on society？

A.People were compelled to leave downtown areas.

B.People were able to live in less crowded suburban areas.

C.Business along trolley and rail lines slackened.

D.City streets were free of ugly overhead wires.

4.Mr.Flink argued in his book that cars would not be widely used in other countries because______.

A.the once booming car market has become saturated

B.traffic jams in those countries are getting more and more serious

C.expensive motorways are not available in less developed countries

D.people worry about pollution and the diminishing oil resources

5.What’s wrong with Mr.Flink’s prediction？

A.The use of automobiles has kept increasing worldwide.

B.New generations of cars are virtually pollution free.

C.The population of America has not increased as fast.

D.People’s environmental concerns are constantly increasing.

参考译文

就机器而言，汽车并非十分喧闹，污染也不严重，危险性也不大；随着时代的不断发展，所有这些方面将会变得越来越好。但主要问题是汽车的广泛流行，以及人人都使用汽车而带来的社会代价。但假设只是有钱人使用它，那么所造成的危害是相当小的。这就是为平等付出的代价。

在我们把话题变得消沉之前，还是值得回忆一下为什么汽车大概已经成为过去100年里最成功和最流行的产品，而且现在仍然是。这要从20世纪改善环境说起。根据历史学家J.Flink在1975年出版的《汽车文化报道》一书，1900年在纽约，马每天要在公路上留下25万磅的马粪和6万加仑的马尿。每年，城市相关机构不得不从街道上清除平均15万匹死马，这使得汽车的气味闻起来简直就像玫瑰般芳香。

汽车也是非常灵活的。早期解决马匹污染和交通堵塞的方式就是电车，但那要求固定的空中电缆、轨道和站台，这使得电车不仅昂贵、难看，也不灵活。小汽车则可以从任意A点到任意B点，允许城镇可以向任何方向发展，成为低密度居住区，而不是仅仅集中在电车和轨道附近。同时边远地区也受益匪浅，因为它们似乎不那么遥远了。

然而，自从交通污染在20世纪50年代成为焦点之后，专家们曾经错误地预测汽车的繁荣很快就要结束。Flink在他的书中曾说：到1973年为止，美国汽车市场已经饱和，平均每225个美国人就有一辆车，在日本和西欧由于土地有限，所以汽车市场已趋于饱和。对于环境的担忧和正在减少的石油存储量将会限制大规模地使用汽车。

他错了。1970~1990年，美国人口增加了23%，公路上的汽车增长了60%。现在每17人就有1辆汽车，在日本每2.1人有1辆汽车，英国每5.3人有1辆汽车。现在大约有55亿辆汽车行驶在公路上，还没算上所有的卡车和摩托车，每年大约要制造5000万辆新车。这种情况还会继续吗？毋庸置疑，因为人们希望如此。

解题之路

1.选B 。第一段的第二句话：汽车的主要问题是普及以及随之而来的社会的费用。故选B，养车很花钱。

2.选C 。推理题。第二段：纽约能生产发出玫瑰气味的轿车，人们不用闻马排出的屎尿的恶臭。

3.选B 。推理题。第三段：汽车可以从A地到B地，使得城镇朝各个方向发展，减少人口的稠密度。low-density housing低稠密居住条件。

4.选D 。细节题。第四段的最后一句：环境问题和减少的石油储藏会阻碍世界上任何其他地方汽车的普及。

5.选A 。推理题。第五段：用具体的数字说明Mr.Flink的预测错误。

词汇精解

noisy　adj.嘈杂的，聒噪的，喧闹的

polluting　adj.有污染的

dimension　n.尺度，维度，角度

prevalence　n.盛行，流行

fairly　adv.公正地，相当地，非常

harmless　adj.无害的

ensue　vi.接着出现

say　adv.例如

gloomy　adj.黑暗的，阴沉的，暗淡的，消沉的

recall　vt.回想，记起，回忆

arguably　adv.可论证地，可能，大概

remain　vi.保持，残存，依然，依旧

direction　n.指示，趋势，说明，方向

housing　n.住宅，住宅群

concentrated　adj.浓缩的，集中的

trolley　n.电车

remote　adj.偏僻的，细微的，遥远的

predict　vt.预言，预报，预测

boom　n.隆隆声，繁荣

diminish　v.变小，减少

reserve　n.储备（物），储备量

prohibit　vt.阻止，禁止

argue　v.争论，辩论，认为

saturate　v.浸透，饱和

flexible　adj.柔软的，可变形的，灵活的

platform　n.月台，讲台，平台

inflexible　adj.不屈的，顽固的，不灵活的

shortage　n.不足，缺乏

worldwide　adv.世界范围内

undoubtedly　adv.不可怀疑地，毫无疑问地

难句解析

1.The main problem is its prevalence，and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if，say，only the rich were to use it.

【参考译文】 但主要问题是汽车的广泛流行，以及人人都使用汽车而带来的社会代价。但假设只是有钱人使用它，那么所造成的危害是相当小的。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（The main problem is its prevalence，and the social costs）（that ensue from the use by everyone of something）（that would be fairly harmless//if，say，only the rich were to use it//）。第一部分是主干，即主系表结构；第二部分是that引导的the social costs的定语从句，其中的of something是the use的后定语，本应直接置于the use之后，但因后面还有对something的修饰内容，所以只能将something置于最后；第三部分是that引导的something的定语从句，其中出现了if引导的条件状语从句，it指代something，say是副词，表举例说明，相当于for example。

【知识链接】 ensue from来自于……；the rich富人

2.Before becoming too gloomy，it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so.

【参考译文】 在我们把话题变得消沉之前，还是值得回忆一下为什么汽车已经成为过去100年里最成功和最流行的产品，而且现在仍然是。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Before becoming too gloomy），（it is worth recalling//why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so//）。第一部分是Before引导的时间状语；第二部分是主句，即形式主语句，it指代后面why引导的从句，该从句由两部分组成，即why the car has been…and remains so，so指代前面的一句话：the car…past 100 years。

【知识链接】 be worth doing值得做……

3.The car could go from any A to any B，and allowed towns to develop in all directions with low-density housing，rather than just being concentrated along the trolley or rail lines.

【参考译文】 小汽车则可以从任意A点到任意B点，允许城镇可以向任何方向发展，成为低密度居住区，而不是仅仅集中在电车和轨道附近。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：The car could go…and allowed…to develop，from any A to any B是范围状语；in all directions是方式状语，with low-density housing…the trolley or rail lines是结果状语。

【知识链接】 in all directions各个方向；low-density低密度的；rather than而不是；rail line铁路线

4.In his book Mr.Flink argued that by 1973 the American market had become saturated，at one car for every 2.25 people，and so had the markets of Japan and Western Europe（because of land shortages）.

【参考译文】 Flink在他的书中曾说：到1973年为止，美国汽车市场已经饱和，平均每225个美国人就有一辆车，在日本和西欧由于土地有限，所以汽车市场已趋于饱和。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Mr.Flink argued that…，that引导的宾语从句的主干是：the American market had become saturated…and so had the markets…Europe，and之后的句子运用了倒装结构，正常语序是：the markets…Europe had so，at…2.25 people是结果状语。

【知识链接】 because of由于；land shortage土地有限

Passage 9

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society.Tears，be they of sorrow，anger，or joy，typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed.The shedder of tears is likely to apologize，even when a devastating（毁灭性的）tragedy was the provocation.The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring.But judging from recent studies of crying behavior，links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears，both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears.Since evolution has given rise to few，if any，purposeless physiological response，it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.

Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others（as a crying baby might from its mother），the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help.Vocal cries would have been quite enough，more likely than tears to gain attention.So，it appears，there must be something special about tears themselves.

Indeed，the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress.University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears.Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion.Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance.

Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.

At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication（药物），to determine whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable，to study the causes of“dry eye”syndrome and the effects of eye surgery，and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.

At Columbia University Dr.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes.Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.

1.It is known from the first paragraph that______.

A.shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to Americans

B.crying may often irritate people or even result in tragedy

C.crying usually wins sympathy from other people

D.one who sheds tears in public will be blamed

2.What does“both those responses to tears”（Line 6，Para，1）refer to？

A.Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.

B.The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.

C.The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.

D.Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.

3.“Counterproductive”（Lines 6-7，Para，1）very probably means“______”.

A.having no effect at all

B.leading to tension

C.producing disastrous impact

D.harmful to health

4.What does the author say about crying？

A.It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.

B.It must have a role to play in man’s survival.

C.It is meant to get attention and assistance.

D.It usually produces the desired effect.

5.What can be inferred from the new studies of tears？

A.Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.

B.Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.

C.Emotional tears can give rise to“dry eye”syndrome in some cases.

D.Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.

参考译文

哭泣并不是被社会所鼓励的行为。眼泪，无论是出于悲伤、愤怒还是高兴，总是让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬。流泪者很可能会道歉，即便是发生了毁灭性灾难的时候。看到别人掉泪的人则有可能尽一切力量来阻止这种感情的发泄。但是从最近对哭泣行为、哭泣与疾病的联系和眼泪的化学成分所进行的研究来看，以上两种对眼泪的反应经常是不恰当的，甚至可能有害。

毫无疑问，人类是唯一会因感情而流泪的动物。进化几乎不会产生无目的的生理反应，所以认为哭泣对人的生存有一定作用是合理的。

尽管一些观察者认为哭泣是获得别人帮助的一种方法（就像婴儿的哭泣可以获得母亲的帮助一样），但是流泪对于获取帮助很难说是必需的。发出声音的哭泣本已经足够了，它们比眼泪本身更有可能获得关注。所以看起来，眼泪本身一定有其特殊的地方。

确实，新的研究表明因情感而落泪可以直接减轻压力，明尼苏达大学正在研究眼泪化学构成的研究者们最近从情感泪水中分离出两种重要的化学物质。这两种物质都只存在于情感泪水中，因切洋葱而流出的眼泪不包含这样的成分。

其他研究院的研究者们正在研究将眼泪用于诊断人类疾病和监督药物。

在Tulane大学的眼泪分析实验室，Peter Kastl博士和他的同事们报告说，他们能用眼泪来检测药物滥用和药物接触，能得出隐形眼镜是否合适或不舒服的原因，能研究“眼睛干燥综合征”的原因和眼科手术的影响，甚至可能测量对于环境污染物的接触。

在哥伦比亚大学，Liasy Faris和他的同事们正在研究眼泪，以求获取诊断眼部以外疾病的线索。眼泪能够被毫无痛苦地获得，无须深入体内，而且高度精练的分析只需要极少量眼泪。

解题之路

1.选A 。细节题。第一段的第二句：眼泪，无论是出于悲伤、生气还是高兴，总是让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬。

2.选C 。推理题。根据上下文，对眼泪的那两个反映：当毁灭性的悲剧发生时，一方面流泪者可能要表示歉意；另一方面看到人流泪者会尽一切可能来阻止此情感的宣泄。

3.选D 。counterproductive产生相反结果的。根据上下文，对眼泪的那两个反映时常是不恰当的。人们常常说哭多了会伤身体，实情未必如此。

4.选B 。细节题。第二段的第二句。既然进化很少会导致无目的的生理反应，我们可以逻辑性地认为：哭泣有一到多个功能——增强生存性。Few…purposeless很少……无目的的，双重否定表示肯定。

5.选A 。第四段的第一句：确实，新的研究表明，情绪激动流下的眼泪对减轻压力起着直接的作用。

词汇精解

sorrow　n.悲痛，悲哀，悲伤

typically　adv.代表性地，有特色地，通常地

uncomfortable　adj.不舒服的，不安的，不合意的

embarrassed　adj.困窘的，难为情的，尴尬的

shedder　n.流泪者

tragedy　n.惨案，灾难，悲剧

provocation　n.激怒，刺激，挑衅，诱因

emotional　adj.情绪的，情感的

outpouring　n.倾泻，流出，宣泄

chemical　adj.化学的

composition　n.写作，作文，合成物，成分

survival　n.幸存，残存，生存

observer　n.观测者，遵守者，观察者

assistance　n.协助，援助，帮助

onion　n.洋葱

contain　vt.容纳，牵制，包含

substance　n.实质，主旨，物质

detect　vt.察觉，发觉，侦察，检测

medication　n.药物治疗，药物处理，药物

determine　vt.确定，测定，决定

syndrome　n.综合征

alleviate　vt.减轻（痛苦）

inappropriate　adj.不适当的，不相称的，不适合的

counterproductive　adj.起反作用的

evolution　n.进展，发展，演变，进化

response　n.回答，响应，反应

purposeless　adj.无目的的，毫无意义的

physiological　adj.生理学的，生理的

logical　adj.合乎逻辑的，合理的

enhance　vt.提高，增强，促进

stress　n.重压，逼迫，紧张，压力

surgery　n.外科，外科学，手术

environmental　adj.周围的，环境的

pollutant　n.污染物

colleague　n.同僚，同事

clue　n.线索

diagnosis　n.诊断

难句解析

1.Tears，be they of sorrow，anger，or joy，typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed.

【参考译文】 眼泪，无论是出于悲伤、愤怒还是高兴，总是让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主语是Tears，谓语是make，宾语是Americans，feel…embarrassed是宾语补足语；be…joy是让步状语从句，使用了倒装结构，正常语序是：whether theymay be of sorrow，anger，or joy，这种句式变化在阅读中很普遍。

【知识链接】 make sb.do使某人……

2.But judging from recent studies of crying behavior，links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears，both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

【参考译文】 但是从最近对哭泣行为、哭泣与疾病的联系和眼泪的化学成分所进行的研究来看，以上两种对眼泪的反应经常是不恰当的，甚至可能有害。

【结构分析】 逗号之后的both…are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive是主干，to tears是responses的后定语；逗号之前的judging…composition of tears是独立主格结构，from…composition of tears是范围状语，between…composition of tears是links的后定语。

【知识链接】 judging from从……判断；links between…and……和……之间的联系

3.Since evolution has given rise to few，if any，purposeless physiological response，it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.

【参考译文】 进化几乎不会产生无目的的生理反应，所以认为哭泣对人的生存有一定作用是合理的。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Since evolution has given rise to few，//if any//，purposeless physiological response），（it is logical to assume//that crying has one or more functions//that enhance survival//）。第一部分是Since引导的原因状语从句，主语是evolution，谓语是has given rise to，宾语是few…purposeless physiological response，中间插入了一个if any条件状语从句；第二部分是主句，即形式主语句，主语it指代后面的that crying…survival，最后的that引导的从句是functions的定语。

【知识链接】 evolution（n.）进化；give rise to sth.导致……；if any如果确实有的话；it is logical to assume that很有理由认为……

4.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others（as a crying baby might from its mother），the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help.

【参考译文】 尽管一些观察者认为哭泣是获得别人帮助的一种方法（就像婴儿的哭泣可以获得母亲的帮助一样），但是流泪对于获取帮助很难说是必需的。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干比较简单，即主系表结构：the shedding of tears is hardly necessary，不定式to get help是目的状语；Although引导的让步状语从句中that…others是suggested的宾语从句，不定式to elicit assistance是way的后定语，括号内是as引导的方式状语从句，might之后承前省略了elicit assistance。

【知识链接】 elicit sth.from…从……获取……；shedding of tears流泪

5.Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance.

【参考译文】 因切洋葱而流出的眼泪不包含这样的成分。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Tears…would contain no such substance，过去分词shed是Tears的后定语，介词短语to a cut onion是exposure的后定语。

【知识链接】 because of因为；exposure to sth.接触……

6.At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication，to determine whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable，to study the causes of“dry eye”syndrome and the effects of eye surgery，and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.

【参考译文】 在Tulane大学的眼泪分析实验室，Peter Kastl博士和他的同事们报告说，他们能用眼泪来检测药物滥用和药物接触，能得出隐形眼镜是否合适或不舒服的原因，能研究“眼睛干燥综合征”的原因和眼科手术的影响，甚至可能测量对于环境污染物的接触。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主语是Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues，谓语是report，之后的全部内容是that引导的宾语从句，该从句的主干是they can use tears，they指代前面的Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues，之后的四个并列不定式to detect…medication，to determine…uncomfortable，to study…surgery，and perhaps even to measure…pollutants是目的状语；其中第一个不定式中的介词短语to medication是exposure的后定语；第二个不定式中的it指代前面的contact lens；最后一个不定式中的介词短语to environmental pollutants是exposure的后定语。

【知识链接】 drug abuse滥用药物；environmental pollutant环境污染物；contact lens隐形眼镜

7.At Columbia University Dr.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes.

【参考译文】 在哥伦比亚大学，Liasy Faris和他的同事们正在研究眼泪，以求获取诊断眼部以外疾病的线索。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Dr.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears，介词短语for clues…eyes是目的状语，to…diseases是clues的后定语，away from the eyes是diseases的后定语。

【知识链接】 Columbia University哥伦比亚大学；away from远离……

Passage 10

It is no secret among athletes that in order to improve performance you’ve got to work hard.However，hard training breaks you down and makes you weaker.It is rest that makes you stronger.Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training.This adaptation is accomplished by improving efficiency of the heart and certain systems within the muscle cells.During recovery periods these systems build to greater levels to compensate for the stress that you have applied.The result is that you are now at a higher level of performance.

If sufficient rest is not included in a training program，imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest will occur，and performance will decline.The“overtraining syndrome（综合征）”is the name given to the collection of emotional，behavioral，and physical symptoms due to overtraining that has persisted for weeks to months.It is marked by cumulative exhaustion that persists even after recovery periods.

The most common symptom is fatigue.This may limit workouts and may be present at rest.The athlete may also become moody，easily irritated，have altered sleep patterns，become depressed，or lose the competitive desire and enthusiasm for the sport.Some will report decreased appetite and weight loss.Physical symptoms include persistent muscular soreness，increased frequency of viral（病毒性的）illnesses，and increased incidence of injuries.

The treatment for the overtraining syndrome is rest.The longer the overtraining has occurred，the more rest required.Therefore，early detection is very important.If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time（e.g.3-4 weeks）then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest.It is important that the factors that lead to overtraining be identified and corrected.Otherwise，the overtraining syndrome is likely to recur.The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled off or decreased.It is important to exclude any underlying illness that may be responsible for the fatigue.

1.The first paragraph of the passage tells us that______.

A.the harder an athlete trains，the better his performance will be

B.rest after vigorous training improves an athlete’s performance

C.strict systematic training is essential to an athlete’s top performance

D.improvement of an athlete’s performance occurs in the course of training

2.By“overtraining”the author means______.

A.a series of physical symptoms that occur after training

B.undue emphasis on the importance of physical exertion

C.training that is not adequately compensated for by rest

D.training that has exceeded an athlete’s emotional limits

3.What does the passage tell us about the“overtraining”syndrome？

A.It occurs when athletes lose interest in sports.

B.It appears right after a hard training session.

C.The fatigue it results in is unavoidable in the athlete’s training process.

D.It manifests itself in fatigue which lingers even after a recovery period.

4.What does the phrase“level off”（Line 7，Para.4）most probably mean？

A.Slow down.B.Become dull.

C.Stop improving.D.Be on the decline.

5.The author advises at the end of the passage that______.

A.overtraining syndrome should be treated as a serious illness

B.overtraining syndrome should be prevented before it occurs

C.an athlete with overtraining syndrome should take a lengthy rest

D.illness causing fatigue should not be mistaken for overtraining syndrome

参考译文

在运动员们中间，为了提高表现而不得不努力训练不是什么秘密。然而艰苦的训练会使你垮掉，使你更弱。但休息会使你更强壮。提高只出现在努力训练之后的休息中。这种变化通过提高心脏工作效率和肌肉细胞系统来实现。在恢复期间，这些系统被锻炼到更好的水平来补偿你所付出的压力，结果你可以表现得更好。

如果足够的休息没有被包含在训练项目中，那么过分训练和不足休息之间的不平衡就会出现。过度训练综合征就是由于持续几个星期或者几个月的过度训练造成情绪上、行为上和身体上病症的总称。这是由于积累疲劳造成的，这种疲劳甚至持续到恢复期之后。

最常见的症状就是疲劳。这可能限制锻炼，可能出现在休息中。运动员也可能变得情绪多变，很容易被激怒，改变睡眠习惯，变得消沉，或者失去在运动上的竞争欲望和热情。一些运动员还会出现没有胃口或者体重下降。身体上的症状包括持续的肌肉疼痛，常常出现病毒性疾病，还经常意外受伤。

对于过度训练症状的治疗就是休息，过度训练时间越长，所需休息时间就越长。因此，及早的诊断是非常重要的。如果过度训练状况只发生了很短的时间（比如三四个星期），那么中断训练3~5天应该能得到足够休息。识别和改正引起过度训练的因素很重要，不然的话，过度训练症状很可能复发。如果运动员表现出长时间的疲劳症状，或者表现水准下降或者降低，就应该考虑到过度训练。排除可能导致疲劳的潜在病因是很重要的。

解题之路

1.选B 。细节题。第一段第二句和第三句：艰苦的训练会使你耗尽体力，身体虚弱，是休息让你身体强壮起来。成绩的提高只会出现在训练后的休息时期。

2.选C 。推理题。第二段：过度训练综合征是指训练后未得到充分休息的一种症状。Compensate for弥补，补上。

3.选D 。细节题。第二段的最后一句：它的标志是体力恢复期后持续的疲劳。

4.选C 。level off平行飞翔；使平坦；事业上不能再进展；持平。例如：The plane leveled off at 30,000 feet.

5.选D 。文章末尾作者建议引起疲劳的疾病不应该被误认为是超负荷训练综合征。第四段的最后一句：有必要排除引起疲劳的任何隐藏的疾病。

词汇精解

secret　n.奥秘，秘诀，秘密

athlete　n.运动员

performance　n.履行，执行，表演，表现

improvement　n.改进，进步

occur　vi.发生，出现

adaptation　n.改编，适应

accomplish　vt.完成，达到，实现

efficiency　n.功率，效率

recovery　n.痊愈，恢复

system　n.体系，制度，秩序，系统

level　n.标准，级别，水平面，水平

apply　vt.申请，应用，使用

sufficient　adj.充分的，足够的，充足的

imbalance　n.不均衡，不平衡

excess　n.过量，剩余，超过，过度

inadequate　adj.不适当的，不充分的

decline　vi.下垂，下倾，下降

overtraining　n.过度训练

collection　n.收藏，征收，集合

behavioral　adj.动作的，行为的

physical　adj.物质的，物理的，身体的

symptom　n.征兆，症状

persist　vi.坚持，持续

interrupt　vt.打断，妨碍，中断

factor　n.因素，要素

identify　vt.识别，鉴别，辨认

correct　vt.改正，告诫，纠正

manifest　v.证明，表明，表现

prolong　vt.拖延，延长

fatigue　n.疲乏，疲劳

decrease　vi.减少，降低

难句解析

1.It is no secret among athletes that in order to improve performance you’ve got to work hard.

【参考译文】 在运动员们中间，为了提高表现而不得不努力训练不是什么秘密。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是It is no secret，among athletes是方位状语，主语it指代后面that引导的从句，其中插入了目的状语in order to improve performance。

【知识链接】 It is no secret that……已不是秘密；in order to do为了……；work hard努力工作，努力锻炼

2.Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training.

【参考译文】 提高只出现在努力训练之后的休息中。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是Improvement only occurs，时间状语during…training中，现在分词短语following hard training是rest period的后定语。

【知识链接】 rest period休息时间；hard training艰苦训练

3.During recovery periods these systems build to greater levels to compensate for the stress that you have applied.

【参考译文】 在恢复期间，这些系统被锻炼到更好的水平来补偿你所付出的压力。

【结构分析】 句子的主干是these systems build，介词短语to greater levels是结果状语，不定式to compensate…applied是目的状语，最后的that you have applied是stress的定语从句。

【知识链接】 recovery period恢复期；to greater levels达到更高水平；compensate for弥补……

4.The“overtraining syndrome”is the name given to the collection of emotional，behavioral，and physical symptoms due to overtraining that has persisted for weeks to months.

【参考译文】 过度训练综合征就是由于持续几个星期或者几个月的过度训练造成情绪上、行为上和身体上病症的总称。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（The“overtraining syndrome is the name//given to the collection of emotional，behavioral，and physical symptoms//）（due to overtraining//that has persisted for weeks to months//）。第一部分是主句，过去分词短语given是name的后定语，介词短语to…symptoms是地点状语；第二部分是due to引导的原因状语，其中的that has persisted是overtraining的定语从句。

【知识链接】 overtraining syndrome过度训练综合征；the collection of……的总称；due to由于……

5.If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time（e.g.3-4 weeks）then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest.

【参考译文】 如果过度训练状况只发生了很短的时间（比如三四个星期），那么中断训练3~5天应该能得到足够休息。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time（e.g.3-4 weeks））（then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest）。第一部分是If引导的条件状语从句，主语是the overtraining，谓语是has occurred，for a short period of time是时间状语；第二部分是主句，主语是动名词短语interrupting training，for 3-5 days是时间状语，谓语是is，表语是rest。

【知识链接】 for a short period of time短期内

6.It is important that the factors that lead to overtraining be identified and corrected.

【参考译文】 识别和改正引起过度训练的因素很重要。

【结构分析】 这是一个形式主语句，主语It指代后面that引导的从句，其主干是the factors…be identified and corrected，因为前面出现了important，该句子使用了虚拟语气，be动词前面省略了should，that lead to overtraining是factors的定语从句。

【知识链接】 It is important that重要的是……；lead to sth.导致……

7.The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled off or decreased.

【参考译文】 如果运动员表现出长时间的疲劳症状，或者表现水准下降或者降低，就应该考虑到过度训练。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete）（who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled off or decreased）。第一部分是主句，主语是The overtraining syndrome，谓语是should be considered，in any athlete是地点状语；第二部分是由who和whose引导的两个并列从句，作前面athlete的定语。

【知识链接】 prolonged fatigue长时间的疲劳；level off下降

Passage 11

In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors.There simply wasn’t any crime to worry about.

Amazingly，these happy times appear still to be with us in the world’s biggest community.A new study by Dan Farmer，a gifted programmer，using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN，shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors.

SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking（黑客的）tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in.Farmer has made the program publicly available，amid much criticism.A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle（闯入……行窃）.

But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and，so far，events have proved him right.SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.

So is the Net becoming more secure？Far from it.In the early days，when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content.Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page，and run on your own machine.These programs could，if their authors wished，do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.

At the same time，the Net is increasingly populated with spiders，worms，agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information.All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.

But let’s look on the bright side.Given the lack of locks，the Internet is surely the world’s biggest（almost）crime-free society.Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest.Or that there currently isn’t much to steal.Or because vandalism（恶意破坏）isn’t much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.

Whatever the reason，let’s enjoy it while we can.But expect it all to change，and security to become the number one issue，when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.

1.By saying“...owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors”（Lines 3-4，Para.2），the author means that______.

A.those happy times appear still to be with us

B.there simply wasn’t any crime to worry about

C.many sites are not well-protected

D.hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in

2.SATAN，a program designed by Dan Fanner can be used______.

A.to investigate the security of Internet sites

B.to improve the security of the Internet system

C.to prevent hackers from breaking into websites

D.to download useful programs and information

3.Fanner’s program has been criticized by the public because______.

A.it causes damage to Net browsers

B.it can break into Internet sites

C.it can be used to cause disorder on all sites

D.it can be used by people with evil intent

4.The author’s attitude toward SATAN is______.

A.enthusiastic

B.critical

C.positive

D.indifferent

5.The author suggests in the last paragraph that______.

A.we should make full use of the Internet before security measures are strengthened

B.we should alert the most influential businessmen to the importance of security

C.influential businessmen should give priority to the improvement of Net security

D.net inhabitants should not let security measures affect their joy of surfing the Internet

参考译文

在英国乡间的小村子里还有人记得那些不用想着锁门的美好的旧时光。那时根本不用担心犯罪。

令人惊奇的是，这些幸福的时光似乎还在世界最大的社团里与我们同在。丹·法穆，一个天才的程序员，用他自称为“撒旦”的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究表明，万维网一半多的主人建立了不上锁的家。

“撒旦”不用真正闯入就可以试验互联网上黑客的许多臭名昭著的伎俩。法穆把他的程序公开化，使每个人都能得到，这种做法招致了许多批评。居心不良的人可以用它猎取容易闯入行窃的网站。

但是，法穆关心的是，有必要提醒公众注意网络并非安全，到目前为止，事实证明他是对的。与其说“撒旦”制造了新的混乱，倒不如说它警告人们要注意安全。

所以，网络是否越来越安全？远非如此。在早期，当你浏览网站的时候，你的浏览器只注意内容。现在，网络充斥着一些小的程序，当你浏览网页的时候，这些程序会自动下载，然后在你的个人电脑上运行。如果编程者有意，这些程序就会对你的电脑进行各种各样的破坏。

同时，网络中出现了越来越多的蜘蛛、蠕虫、间谍和其他一些自动化的动物，它们被预先指定闯入网站，对信息进行查找和分类。所有这些都为那些想进攻弱小的网站并对其造成伤害的反社会的人提供了绝妙的工具。

但是，让我们来看看光明的一面。如果没有锁，互联网当然是世界上最大的（几乎）没有犯罪的社会。也许，那是因为黑客们从根本上是诚实的。或者，当今没有什么东西好偷。或者，除非你对某一个人有特殊的仇恨，恶意破坏并不是什么好玩的事。

不管是什么原因，让我们在还能享受的时候尽情享受吧。然而，当网络上最有影响力的居民们想出售他们的服务并想要收费时，希望一切会有所改变，那时安全将变成头等重要的事情。

解题之路

1.选C 。可在第二段定位，即the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors.这是个比喻句，考生不仅要明白字面意思，还要理解它的引申义。这句话的字面意思是Dan farmer所做的新研究表明一半以上的业主在建立自己家的时候没有在门上上锁。作者用业主比喻网站的建立者；用门上的枷锁比喻网站的安全措施，因此选C。

2.选A 。题干大意是SATAN可以用来做什么。可在文章的第二段、第三段、第四段定位，由此可以推断SATAN主要是调查网络的安全性。B、C两项的意思相近，SATAN这个软件并不能阻止黑客与提高网络安全；D项的意思是下载有用的程序和信息，与题干的内容不符，属于信息错位，因此答案为A。

3.选D 。题干大意是：Farmer的程序为什么被公众批评。可在文章的第三段定位，Farmer has made the program publicly available，amid much criticism.接着文章阐述了这一事实的原因：居心不良的人可以用它猎取容易闯入行窃的网站。A项的内容在文章中没有涉及；B项与原文内容相矛盾；C项中的all属于绝对词且与原文意思不符。

4.选C 。文章中涉及作者观点的定位信息在第二段、第四段，即“a gifted programmer”“events have proved him right”“SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder”由此可以推断出作者对SATAN持肯定的态度。A项夸大了作者的态度；B项与原文内容相矛盾；D项属于干扰项，因此答案为C。

5.选C 。题干大意是：在最后一段作者提出什么建议。定位信息是But expect it all to change，and security to become the number one issue，when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.建议他们将来在开展收费网络服务的时候将网络安全问题放在首位；D项的内容在文章中没有涉及；C项与作者观点一致，因此答案为C。

词汇精解

countryside　n.乡下，乡村

bother　v.烦扰，打扰

crime　n.罪行，罪恶，犯罪，犯罪行为

amazingly　adv.令人吃惊地

gifted　adj.有天赋的

programmer　n.程序员

automated　adj.自动的，自动化的

investigative　adj.研究的，好研究的，调查性的

site　n.站点，地址

tiny　adj.很少的，微小的

automatically　adv.自动地，自动化地

download　vt.下载

increasingly　adv.日益，愈加，越来越

amid　prep.在……之间

criticism　n.批判，批评

evil　adj.不幸的，有害的，邪恶的

intent　n.目的，意向，打算，意图

spider　n.蜘蛛

worm　n.虫子，蠕虫，小人物

agent　n.代理，媒介，手段，特工

penetrate　vt.穿透，看透，洞察，渗透

classify　vt.分类，分等

given　prep.假使，假若

lack　n.缺乏，短缺的东西

security　n.安全

risk　n.冒险，风险

disorder　n.杂乱，混乱，无秩序状态

issue　n.出版，发行，（报刊等的）期，问题

influential　adj.有势力的，有影响力的

inhabitant　n.居住者，居民

难句解析

1.In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors.

【参考译文】 在英国乡间的小村子里还有人记得那些不用想着锁门的美好的旧时光。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是there are still people，之后的who引导的是people的定语从句，when引导的是days的定语从句，主语是no one，谓语是bothered to lock，宾语是their doors。

【知识链接】 good old days美好的旧时光；bother to do费心做……

2.A new study by Dan Farmer，a gifted programmer，using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN，shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors.

【参考译文】 丹·法穆，一个天才的程序员，用他自称为“撒旦”的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究表明，万维网一半多的主人建立了不上锁的家。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句的主干是A new study…shows that（宾语从句），by Dan Farmer是主语的后定语，a gifted programmer是Dan Farmer的同位语，现在分词结构using an…SATAN是方式状语；that引导的宾语从句的主干是the owners…have set up home，without…doors是条件状语，to their doors是地点状语。

【知识链接】 well over多于……；set up建立；fit sth.to sth.将……安装到……

3.Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page，and run on your own machine.

【参考译文】 现在，网络充斥着一些小的程序，当你浏览网页的时候，这些程序会自动下载，然后在你的个人电脑上运行。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是the Web is full of tiny programs，之后的that引导的从句是programs的定语，由两部分构成：that automatically download…and run…，中间是时间状语从句when…Web page。

【知识链接】 be full of充满……

4.At the same time，the Net is increasingly populated with spiders，worms，agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information.

【参考译文】 同时，网络中出现了越来越多的蜘蛛、蠕虫、间谍和其他一些自动化的动物，它们被预先指定闯入网站，对信息进行查找和分类。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是the Net is…beasts，过去分词designed是spiders…beasts的后定语，不定式to penetrate…information是目的状语。

【知识链接】 be populated with充满……；be designed to do被设计用来……；seek out查找

5.Given the lack of locks，the Internet is surely the world’s biggest（almost）crime-free society.

【参考译文】 如果没有锁，互联网当然是世界上最大的（几乎）没有犯罪的社会。

【结构分析】 Given…locks是条件状语，Given是介词；主句的主语是the Internet，谓语是is，表语是society，crime-free是复合形容词。

【知识链接】 the lack of缺乏……；crime-free（adj.）没有犯罪的

6.Whatever the reason，let’s enjoy it while we can.

【参考译文】 不管是什么原因，让我们在还能享受的时候尽情享受吧。

【结构分析】 Whatever引导的让步状语从句中the reason之后省略了is，一般而言，带有-ever后缀的词引导的状语从句中若出现be动词，常可省略；最后的while we can是时间状语从句。

【知识链接】 whatever（pron.）无论什么；enjoy（v.）享受，喜欢

7.But expect it all to change，and security to become the number one issue，when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.

【参考译文】 然而，当网络上最有影响力的居民们想出售他们的服务并想要收费时，希望一切会有所改变，那时安全将变成头等重要的事情。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（But expect it all to change，and security to become the number one issue），（when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services//they want to be paid for//）。第一部分是主句，由and连接的两个祈使句构成，两个不定式to change和to become…issue分别是it和security的宾语补足语；第二部分是when引导的时间状语从句，分隔号内they…paid for是services的定语从句，they指代前面的most influential inhabitants。

【知识链接】 the number one issue头等大事；be paid for被购买

Passage 12

I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment（扮演角色），performance，dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching.Students must be incorporated，made，so far as possible，an integral part of the learning process.The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly，but that is nonetheless the case.Of Ezekiel Cheever，the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony，his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils“came to work as though they came to play，”and Alfred North Whitehead，almost three hundred years later，noted that a teacher should make his/her students“glad they were there.”

Since，we are told，80 to 90 percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method，we should give close attention to this form of education.There is，I think，much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick’s observation that“lecturing is an unnatural act，an act for which God did not design humans.It is perfectly all right，now and then，for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak，and to speak while others remain silent.But to do this regularly，one hour and 15 minutes at a time...for one person to drag on while others sit in silence？...I do not believe that this is what the Creator...designed humans to do.”

The strange，almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors，just as they feel obliged to write dully，believe that they should lecture dully.To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific，unobjective；it is to appeal to the students’emotions rather than their intellect.Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone.

The cult（推崇）of lecturing dully，like the cult of writing dully，goes back，of course，some years.Edward Shils，professor of sociology，recalls the professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth.They seemed“a priesthood，rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing；they never referred to anything personal.Some read from old lecture notes and then haltingly explained the thumb-worn last lines.Others lectured from cards that had served for years，to judge by the worn edges...The teachers began on time，ended on time，and left the room without saying a word more to their students，very seldom being detained by questioners...The classes were not large，yet there was no discussion.No questions were raised in class，and there were no office hours.”

1.The author believes that a successful teacher should be able to______.

A.make dramatization an important aspect of students’learning

B.make inspired play an integral part of the learning process

C.improve students’learning performance

D.make study just as easy as play

2.The majority of university professors prefer the traditional way of lecturing in the belief that______.

A.it draws the close attention of the students

B.it conforms in a way to the design of the Creator

C.it presents course content in a scientific and objective manner

D.it helps students to comprehend abstract theories more easily

3.What the author recommends in this passage is that______.

A.college education should be improved through radical measures

B.more freedom of choice should be given to students in their studies

C.traditional college lectures should be replacedby dramatized performances

D.interaction should be encouraged in the process of teaching

4.By saying“They seemed‘a priesthood，rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing...’”（Lines 3-4，Para.4），the author means that______.

A.professors are a group of professionals that differ in their academic ability but behave in the same way

B.professors are like priests wearing the same kind of black gown but having different roles to play

C.there is no fundamental difference between professors and priests though they differ in their merits

D.professors at the University of Pennsylvania used to wear black suits which made them look like priests

5.Whose teaching method is particularly commended by the author？

A.Ezekiel Cheever’s.

B.Cotton Mather’s.

C.Alfred North Whitehead’s.

D.Patricia Nelson Limerick’s.

参考译文

当我离开教学多年的学院和大学时，我坚信扮演角色、表演、改编剧本等都是最成功的教学方式。学生们必须尽可能地被编入或组织到整个教学过程中，成为其中有机的一部分。大多数学者认为学习必须包括玩耍并对其进行鼓励的理念近乎愚蠢，但这是事实。Cotton Mather曾是Ezekiel Cheever——马萨诸塞州海湾殖民地最著名的校长的学生，他曾写到，他备的课程能让学生们感觉“上学就像玩一样”，过了大约300年，Alfred North Whitehead注意到一个教师必须使他的学生“高兴上学”。

我们知道，在大学里有80%~90%的教学普遍是通过讲课的方式进行的，因此，我们必须给予这样的教育形式以足够的重视。我认为Patricia Nelson Limerick的观察是很有道理的，即“讲演是一种不合情理的行为，上帝并没有要人去做这一种活动。一个人时不时地有一种想说话的冲动，并且在他说的时候，别人保持沉默，这是很正常的。但是，经常这样，每次75分钟……一个人讲，而别的人都沉默地坐在那里？……我不相信这就是造物主……要我们人类做的”。

一个很奇怪、几乎让人不能理解的事实是：大多数教授，正如他们认为必须枯燥地写作一样，他们认为也必须枯燥地讲课。如果表现过于热情，将有不科学、欠客观之嫌；热情只是吸引学生的情感，而不是他们的智力。所以，理想的讲课应充满事实，并且用不变的语调念出来。

当然，对枯燥讲课的崇拜，像崇拜枯燥写作一样，可以追溯到很多年前。社会学教授Edward Shils回忆起自己年轻时在宾夕法尼亚大学读书时，当时的教授就是这样上课的。他们看起来像“牧师，尽管才能各有千秋，但穿着非常统一；从来不谈私事。有些教授照本宣科，然后结结巴巴地讲解被翻烂了的最后几行。另一些则用卡片上课，从磨损的边角就可以判断这些卡片已经用了多年……老师们按时上课，准时下课，离开教室时不会对学生多说一个字，也很少被学生的问题留住。班级通常不大，然而，没有课堂讨论。上课时从来不提问，课后也没有答疑的时间”。

解题之路

1.选B 。题干大意是：作者认为成功教师应该能做什么。可在文章的第一段定位，第一句表达了作者的观点，第二句说学生应该成为学习过程中不可分割的一部分，第三句进一步提出观点learning should have in it an element of inspired play.因此可以推出作者的观点是：成功的教师应该使带有灵气的表演因素成为学习过程中不可缺少的一部分。C、D两项的内容在文中没有涉及，A项内容不够准确，dramatization是老师做的事情，而不是学生学习过程中不可缺少的一部分，因此答案为B。

2.选C 。题干大意是：大部分大学教授为什么喜欢传统的讲座方式。可在第三段定位，即To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific，unobjective；it is to appeal to the students’emotions rather than their intellect.Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone.教授认为在讲座中显示热情就是冒着不科学、不客观的风险，也就是说他们认为枯燥的做讲座是科学的，因此选C。

3.选D 。考查考生对全文的理解和掌握，A项的through radical measures在文中没有涉及；B项与作者观点不符；C项观点绝对化。因此答案为D。

4.选A 。题干的关键词是priesthood，考生应根据上下文，推断其含义。B、D只是从外表穿着进行比较，过于肤浅；C项是神父与神父相比内在特征各不相同，与文章的意思不符。A项内容在文章的二、三、四段都有提及，也就是说教授们在教学上的表现形式是一样的，但实际上他们的能力各不相同。因此选A。

5.选A 。题干大意是：作者特别赞成或推荐谁的教学方法。文章提到Cotton Mather表述了他的老师Ezakiel Cheever的教学方法，没有提及自己的教学方法；B项错误，Ezakiel Cheever的教学方法是作者推崇的；Alfred只说老师应该让学生快乐，并没有提到具体的教学方法，C项错误；Patricia没有提到具体的教学方法，D项错误，因此答案为A。

词汇精解

conviction　n.确信，深信，信念

enactment　n.设定，（法律）制定（意译为扮演角色）

dramatization　n.改编剧本

successful　adj.成功的

notion　n.观念，想法，理念，概念

element　n.要素，元件，成分，因素

inspired　adj.得到灵感的，有灵感的，鼓励性的

academic　adj.学院的，理论的，学术的

establishment　n.确立，机构，核心人士

merely　adv.仅仅，不过，只

silly　adj.无聊的，愚蠢的

schoolmaster　n.校长

onetime　adj.过去的，以前的，曾经的

pupil　n.瞳孔，小学生，学生

instruction　n.指示，指导，用法说明，教学

typical　adj.典型的，象征性的，一般的

lecture　n.演讲，讲稿，讲课

unnatural　adj.不自然的

perfectly　adv.完美地，很，非常

possess　vt.占有，拥有，支配

urge　n.欲望，冲动，愿望

incomprehensible　adj.无法理解的

dully　adv.不清楚地，无聊地，枯燥地

lecture　v.演讲，说教，讲课

worn　adj.疲倦的，用旧的，磨损的

edge　n.刀口，利刃，边缘

seldom　adv.很少，几乎不

detain　vt.留住，阻止，扣留

questioner　n.质问者，提问者

难句解析

1.I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment，performance，dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching.

【参考译文】 当我离开教学多年的学院和大学时，我坚信扮演角色、表演、改编剧本等都是最成功的教学方式。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是I came away，from…level是地点状语，on…level是teaching的后定语，with a conviction是伴随状语，之后的that引导的是conviction的同位语从句，即主系表结构。

【知识链接】 on the college and university level在大学层面上；with a conviction that…带着……的信念

2.The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly.

【参考译文】 大多数学者认为学习必须包括玩耍并对其进行鼓励的理念近乎愚蠢。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是The notion…would seem…merely silly，主语The notion之后that引导的是其同位语从句，该从句的主干是learning should have…an element of inspired play，in it是地点状语，it指代learning；介词短语to…establishment是范围状语。

【知识链接】 an element of……的成分；the greater part of大部分的；academic establishment学术人物

3.Of Ezekiel Cheever，the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony，his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils“came to work as though they came to play.”

【参考译文】 Cotton Mather曾是Ezekiel Cheever——马萨诸塞州海湾殖民地最著名的校长的学生，他曾写到，他备的课程能让学生们感觉“上学就像玩一样”。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that（宾语从句）；该宾语从句中的主语是he，指代前面的Ezekiel Cheever，谓语是planned，宾语是his lessons，his也指代Ezekiel Cheever，that引导结果状语从句，与前面的so呼应，as though引导方式状语从句，主语是they，谓语是came，不定式to play作目的状语；句首的Of Ezekiel Cheever是范围状语，之后的名词短语the most famous…Colony是Ezekiel Cheever的同位语。

【知识链接】 Massachusetts马萨诸塞（美国州名）；so…that…如此……以致……；as though似乎

4.Since，we are told，80 to 90 percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method，we should give close attention to this form of education.

【参考译文】 我们知道，在大学里有80%~90%的教学普遍是通过讲课的方式进行的，因此，我们必须给予这样的教育形式足够的重视。

【结构分析】 Since…lecture method是原因状语从句，by the lecture method是表语，we are told是插入语；we…education是主句，介词短语to this form of education是范围状语。

【知识链接】 we are told我们知道；give close attention to sth.给……足够重视

5.There is，I think，much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick’s observation that“lecturing is an unnatural act，an act for which God did not design humans.”

【参考译文】 我认为Patricia Nelson Limerick的观察是很有道理的，即“讲演是一种不合情理的行为，上帝并没有要人去做这一种活动”。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：There is…much truth，介词短语in…observation是地点状语，I think是插入语；that…humans是observation的同位语从句，for which…humans是act的定语从句。

【知识链接】 truth（n.）真实性；observation（n.）观察；lecturing（n.）讲课；unnatural（adj.）不自然的

6.It is perfectly all right，now and then，for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak，and to speak while others remain silent.

【参考译文】 一个人时不时地有一种想说话的冲动，并且在他说的时候，别人保持沉默，这是很正常的。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是It is perfectly all right…to be possessed，主语it指代后面的不定式to be possessed；不定式to speak是urge的后定语，while…silent是时间状语从句。

【知识链接】 now and then不时地；remain silent保持沉默

7.The strange，almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors，just as they feel obliged to write dully，believe that they should lecture dully.

【参考译文】 一个很奇怪、几乎让人不能理解的事实是：大多数教授，正如他们认为必须枯燥地写作一样，他们认为也必须枯燥地讲课。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：The strange，almost incomprehensible fact is（that many professors，//just as they feel obliged to write dully//，believe that they should lecture dully）。括号内是that引导的表语从句，其主干是many professors…believe that（宾语从句），just as引导的是方式状语从句，谓语feel obliged to是固定结构。

【知识链接】 feel obliged to do有必要……；just as正如

8.Others lectured from cards that had served for years，to judge by the worn edges.

【参考译文】 另一些则用卡片上课，从磨损的边角就可以判断这些卡片已经用了多年。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Others lectured，之后的that…years是cards的同位语从句，不定式to judge…edges是方式状语。

【知识链接】 for years多年来

9.The teachers began on time，ended on time，and left the room without saying a word more to their students，very seldom being detained by questioners.

【参考译文】 老师们按时上课，准时下课，离开教室时不会对学生多说一个字，也很少被学生的问题留住。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（The teachers began on time，ended on time，and left the room）（without saying a word more to their students），（very seldom being detained by questioners）。第一部分是主干，主语是The teachers，谓语是began…ended…and left，on time作方式状语；第二部分是left the room的条件状语，to their students是方向状语，第三部分的现在分词短语being detained作结果状语。

【知识链接】 on time准时；without saying a word more to sb.不会对某人多说一个字

Passage 13

Take the case of public education alone.The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached.In view of the technological improvements in the last few years，business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before.The result will be still further raising of the legal age for going into employment，and still further difficulty in finding employment when that age has been attained.If we cannot put our children to work，we must put them in school.

We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained.We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class.Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began.They will be little better off when it is over.Their support must come from the taxpayer.

It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities.They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system.The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment.They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it.The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief.The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same，and properly so.If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest，it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country.Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive.It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent.We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute（贫民）.Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require.

1.What is the passage mainly about？

A.How to persuade local communities to provide more funds.

B.How to cope with the shortage of funds for public education.

C.How to solve the rising unemployment problem.

D.How to improve the public education system.

2.What is the reason for the increase in the number of students？

A.The requirement of educated workers by business.

B.Raising of the legal age for going to work.

C.The trend toward a shorter workday.

D.People’s concern for the future of the next generation.

3.The public agencies for adult education will be little better off because______.

A.the unemployed are too poor to continue their education

B.a new leisure class has developed

C.they are still suffering from the depression

D.an increase in taxes could be a problem

4.According to the author，the answer to the problem of public education is that the Federal government______.

A.should allocate Federal funds for public education

B.should demand that local communities provide support

C.should raise taxes to meet the needs of public education

D.should first of all solve the problem of unemployment

5.Why does the author say“Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require”（Lines 10-11，Para.3）？

A.Only by appropriating adequate Federal funds for education can the next generation have a bright future.

B.Citizens of all parts of the country agree that the best way to support education is to use Federal funds.

C.people all over the country should make contributions to education in the interest of the next generation.

D.Educated people are determined to use part of the Federal funds to help the poor.

参考译文

就拿公立教育来说，学校面对的主要困难是学生人数的急剧增长。这种状况的形成主要是由于就业的法定年龄提高了，并且即使到了法定年龄也很难找到工作。由于过去几年技术的进步，企业在未来将比以前需要更少的工人。结果必须是进一步提高就业的法定年龄，以及达到法定工作年龄后就业更加困难。如果我们不能让孩子们工作，那么，就必须让他们上学。

我们同样相信目前缩短日工作时数和周工作时数的趋势将持续下去。我们已经有了并且将继续保有一个新的休闲阶层。自从经济萧条开始以来，成人公立教育机构就被迅速蔓延的萧条浪潮所淹没。萧条过后，它们的状况可能会好一点。它们的支持必须来自纳税人。

当然，我们不能过多地期望公立教育经费的提高都由地方各界来负担。它们对当前限制性的、不完善的制度无能为力。地方各界解决不了失业的问题。它们不可能如我们所期望的那样来解决公立教育问题。解决失业的办法是联邦救济金。解决公立教育问题的办法也只能靠联邦拨款，并且应该是这样。如果说有这么一件事情全美各地的居民都感兴趣的话，那么，这件事情就是全美各地居民都能接受良好的教育。现在，我们所得税的一部分用于维持我们邻居（失业者）的生活。有一部分也可能会用于使我们的邻居（失业者）变得更聪明。我们现在想通过联邦贫民救济金来保存我们这一代人。只有当一个民族决心毁掉下一代的时候，它才会拒绝拨给公立教育所需要的联邦经费。

解题之路

1.选B 。主旨题。文章的第一段和第二段分别提及公共教育和成人教育不堪负重的现状及根源，第三段谈论教育经费来源的问题。A项在文中没有涉及，D项的内容虽在文中提到，但是范围过大，C项的问题在文中虽有涉及但不是文章的主题。因此答案选B。

2.选B 。题干大意是：学生数量增长的原因，可以在文章的第一段定位，即Take the case of public education alone.The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached.这种状况的形成主要是由于就业的法定年龄提高了，并且即使到了法定年龄也很难找到工作。

3.选D 。题干大意：为什么公立的成人教育机构境遇没有好转。可在文章的第二段定位，即Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began.They will be little better off when it is over.Their support must come from the taxpayer.公立的成人教育机构的支持来自于税收，因为经济萧条，纳税人工作时间减少，收入减少，税收也随之减少。因此答案为D。

4.选A 。题干的意思是作者认为联邦政府应该采取什么措施来解决公有教育的问题。可在第三段定位，即The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief.The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same，and properly so.表明公有教育的问题和解决失业问题一样需要通过联邦政府的救济来解决。B项与文章的意思相反；C项的错误在于定位信息错位。因此答案为A。

5.选A 。题干大意是：作者问的这句话反映了他的什么观点。在文章的最后一段定位，即Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require.该句的意思是为了全国各地公民的良好教育，全国各地公民愿意将自己所得税的一部分投入进去，并希望联邦政府拨款给公共教育。因此选A。

词汇精解

principal　adj.首要的，主要的

tremendous　adj.极大的，巨大的

advance　n.前进，提升，提高

impossibility　n.不可能，不可能之事

difficulty　n.困难，难点

attain　vt.达到，获得

present　adj.出席的，现在的，目前的

trend　n.倾向，趋势

proportionately　adv.相称地，合乎比例地

maintain　vt.维修，供养，维持，主张

swamp　vt.使陷入沼泽，覆没，淹没

agency　n.代理处，代理，中介，机构

tide　n.潮，潮汐，潮流，趋势

taxpayer　n.纳税人

depression　n.低压，沮丧，消沉，萧条

restricted　adj.受限制的，有限的

unemployment　n.失业，失业人数

attempt　vt.企图，尝试

citizen　n.市民，公民

decent　adj.正派的，体面的

people　n.人，人们，人类，民族

ruin　vt.使破产，使堕落，毁掉

generation　n.产生，发生，一代

fund　n.基金，资金

难句解析

1.This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached.

【参考译文】 这种状况的形成主要是由于就业的法定年龄提高了，并且即使到了法定年龄也很难找到工作。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（This has been caused）（by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job）（even when the legal age has been reached）。第一部分是主干，第二部分by the advance…and the impossibility作状语，for…industry是legal age的后定语，第三部分even when引导的是时间状语从句。

【知识链接】 legal age法定年龄；go into industry进入工业领域（意译为“就业”）

2.The result will be still further raising of the legal age for going into employment，and still further difficulty in finding employment when that age has been attained.

【参考译文】 结果必须是进一步提高就业的法定年龄，以及达到法定工作年龄后就业更加困难。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是The result will be still further raising…and still further diff-iculty，介词短语for going into employment和in finding employment分别是legal age和further difficulty的后定语，when引导的是时间状语从句。

【知识链接】 go into employment就业；difficulty in……方面的困难；find employment就业

3.We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained.

【参考译文】 我们同样相信目前缩短日工作时数和周工作时数的趋势将会持续下去。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主语是We，谓语是be confident，that引导的从句是be confident的宾语，该从句的主干是the present trend…will be maintained，介词短语toward…week是trend的后置定语。

【知识链接】 be confident that…坚信……；present（adj.）目前的；trend（n.）趋势；maintain（v.）维持

4.Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began.

【参考译文】 自从经济萧条开始以来，成人公立教育机构就被迅速蔓延的萧条浪潮所淹没。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Already the public agencies for adult education are swam-ped by the tide）（that has swept over them//since depression began//）。第一部分是主干，for adult education是public agencies的后定语；第二部分that引导的是tide的定语从句，最后的since…began是时间状语从句。

【知识链接】 public agency公立机构；adult education成人教育；sweep over席卷

5.They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it.

【参考译文】 它们不可能如我们所期望的那样来解决公立教育问题。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是They cannot expect to cope with public education，介词短语on the scale是范围状语，之后的on which引导的是scale的定语从句，it指代前面的public education。

【知识链接】 expect to do期望……；cope with处理；on…scale以……规模

6.If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest，it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country.

【参考译文】 如果说有这么一件事情全美各地的居民都感兴趣的话，那么，这件事情就是全美各地居民都能接受良好的教育。

【结构分析】 If引导的条件状语从句中出现了in which引导的定语从句；主句的主语it指代从句中的one thing，谓语是is，表语是in the…country。

【知识链接】 all parts of the country全国各地；have an interest in…对……感兴趣

7.Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require.

【参考译文】 只有当一个民族决心毁掉下一代的时候，它才会拒绝拨给公立教育所需要的联邦经费。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Only a people…will refuse such Federal funds，过去分词短语determined…generation是主语people的后定语，as…may require是Federal funds的定语从句，as指代Federal funds，与前面的such相呼应。

【知识链接】 determine to do决心做……；public education公立教育

Passage 14

A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times，making people’s vision sharper than that of cats.

Bille and his team work with an optical instrument called an active mirror—a device used in astronomical telescopes to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies.Connected to a wave-front sensor that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into the eye and back，the aluminum mirror detects the deficiencies of the cornea，the transparent protective layer covering the lens of the human eye.The highly precise data from the two instruments—which，Bille hopes，will one day be found at the opticians（眼镜商）all over the world—serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact lenses that correct and enhance the wearer’s vision.

By day，Bille’s contact lenses will focus rays of light so accurately on the retina（视网膜）that the image of a small leaf or the outline of a far distant tree will be formed with a sharpness that surpasses that of conventional vision aids by almost half a diopter（屈光度）.At night，the lenses have an even greater potential.“Because the new lens—in contrast to the already existing ones—also works when it’s dark and the pupil is wide open，“says Bille，”lens wearers will be able to identify a face at a distance of 100 meters”—80 meters farther than they would normally be able to see.In his experiments night vision was enhanced by an even greater factor：in semi-darkness，test subjects could see up to 15 times better than without the lenses.

Bille’s lenses are expected to reach the market in the year 2000，and one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information on patients’visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer，who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days.The physicist expects the lenses to cost about a dollar a pair，about the same as conventional one-day disposable lenses.

1.The new contact lens is meant for______.

A.astronomical observations

B.the night blind

C.those with vision defects

D.optical experiments

2.What do the two instruments mentioned in the second paragraph（Line 5）refer to？

A.The astronomical telescope and the wave-front sensor.

B.The aluminum mirror and the laser beam.

C.The active mirror and the contact lens.

D.The aluminum mirror and the wave-front sensor.

3.Individualized contact lenses（Line 7，Para.2）are lenses designed______.

A.to work like an astronomical telescope

B.to suit the wearer’s specific needs

C.to process extremely accurate data

D.to test the wearer’s eyesight

4.According to Bille，with the new lenses the wearer’s vision______.

A.will be far better at night than in the daytime

B.may be broadened about 15 times than without them

C.can be better improved in the daytime than at night

D.will be sharper by a much greater degree at night than in the daytime

5.Which of the following is true about Bille’s lenses？

A.Their production process is complicated.

B.They will be sold at a very low price.

C.They have to be replaced every day.

D.Purchase orders can be made through the Internet.

参考译文

正在海德堡大学应用物理系研制中的一种新型高性能隐形眼镜片将不仅可以矫正普通的视力，而且可以把正常的夜视能力提高五倍，使人的视力比猫还好。

比尔和他的科研小组使用一种被称为灵敏的光学仪器——一种用于观测新发现的星体以及很远的银河系的天文望远镜的装置。铝镜连接着一个波前传感器，可以跟踪和测量进出眼睛的激光束的光程。这个铝镜可以发现角膜——覆盖在眼睛晶状体上的透明保护层——的病变。比尔希望，从这两种仪器上得到的高精确的数据有一天将出现在全世界的眼镜商那里——用于制造完全个性化的眼镜片，以矫正和提高佩戴者的视力。

到那一天，比尔的隐形镜片将把光线精确地聚焦在视网膜上，从而使一片小树叶的图像或远处一棵大树的轮廓的清晰度都能超出传统眼镜的近半个屈光度。在夜晚，这样的镜片还有更大的作用。“因为新镜片不同于现有镜片，在黑暗处、瞳孔放大时仍能工作。”比尔说，“戴镜者能看清100米外的脸部”——比原先远了80米。在他的实验中，夜视能力甚至有了更大的提高：在半黑暗的状态下，受试者的视力比没戴眼镜时提高了15倍。

比尔的镜片希望在2000年上市，初步计划是利用互联网把患者视力缺陷的信息从眼镜商传到制造商，然后，制造商在两三天内将隐形镜片制作好并将其寄出。物理学家希望这样的镜片的价格大约在一副一美元左右，相当于传统的一次性镜片的价格。

解题之路

1.选C 。推理题。题干大意是：这种新的隐形眼镜的功能。可在文章的第一段定位，即A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times，making people’s vision sharper than that of cats.C项与not only后的内容吻合，因此答案为C。

2.选D 。题干大意是：第二段中提到的两种仪器指的是什么。定位信息是“an active mirror—a device used in astronomical telescopes to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies.a wave-front sensor that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into the eye and back，”a wave-front sensor和an active mirror是文中提到的两种仪器，因此答案为D。

3.选B 。题干大意是：个人化的隐形眼镜设计目的是什么。可在文章的第二段定位，即The highly precise data from the two instruments—which，Bille hopes，will one day be found at the opticians（眼镜商）all over the world—serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact lenses that correct and enhance the wearer’s vision.Bille希望眼镜商可以用这两种仪器取得关于配镜者视网膜缺陷的高度精确的数据，根据这些数据来生产完全个人化的隐形眼镜，因此选B。

4.选D 。题干大意是：根据Bille所说，有了新的隐形眼镜，佩戴者的视力会怎样。定位信息在第三段，这段分为白天、黑夜两种不同情况介绍了新产品的特点及原理，夜间的功能更为突出，晚上的视力提高的更多。因此答案为B。

5.选B 。题干大意是：关于Bille的隐形眼镜，哪个说法是正确的。A项的意思是生产过程复杂，文章并没有涉及；C项与文章的意思不符；D项说通过网络可以做出购买订单，文中没有提到，因此答案选B。

词汇精解

correct　vt.改正，纠正，矫正

ordinary　adj.平常的，平凡的，普通的

vision　n.想象力，景象，眼力，视力

defect　n.过失，缺点，缺陷

enhance　vt.提高，增强

optical　adj.眼的，视力的，光学的

instrument　n.工具，手段，仪器，设备

device　n.设计，图案，策略，装置

cornea　n.角膜

transparent　adj.透明的，显然的，明晰的

highly　adv.高地，非常

optician　n.眼镜商

basis　n.基本，根据，基础，基本原则

individualized　adj.个性化的

wearer　n.穿戴者，佩戴者

accurately　adv.正确地，精确地

astronomical　adj.天文的，天文学的，（大的）难以估量的

telescope　n.望远镜

spot　vt.认出，找到，发现

newly　adv.重新，新近

emerging　adj.新出现的

galaxy　n.星系，银河，一群显赫的人

sensor　n.传感器

track　vt.追踪，跟踪

aluminum　n.铝

detect　vt.察觉，发现，侦察，探测

deficiency　n.不足，缺乏，缺陷

retina　n.视网膜

outline　n.大纲，要略，要点，轮廓

sharpness　n.锐利，锋利

surpass　vt.超越，胜过，超过

conventional　adj.惯例的，常规的

aid　n.帮助，援助，辅助

diopter　n.屈光度

existing　adj.现存的，现有的

tentative　adj.试验性的，试探的，暂定的

transmit　vt.传输，传达，发射，传递

manufacturer　n.制造商，厂商

mail　vt.邮寄

难句解析

1.A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times，making people’s vision sharper than that of cats.

【参考译文】 正在海德堡大学应用物理系研制中的一种新型高性能隐形眼镜片将不仅可以矫正普通的视力，而且可以把正常的夜视能力提高五倍，使人的视力比猫还好。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干结构是：A…lens will not only correct…defects but will enhance…vision；under development是主语lens的后定语，at the department…Heidelberg是地点状语，as much as five times是程度状语，现在分词短语making…cats是结果状语，sharper是vision的宾语补足语，that of cats中的that指代前面的vision。

【知识链接】 high-performance（adj.）高性能的；contact lens隐形眼镜；under development处于研制中；applied physics应用物理学；not only…but also…不仅……而且……

2.Bille and his team work with an optical instrument called an active mirror—a device used in astronomical telescopes to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies.

【参考译文】 比尔和他的科研小组使用一种被称为灵敏镜的光学仪器——一种用于观测新发现的星体以及很远的银河系的天文望远镜的装置。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Bille and his team work with an optical instrument//called an active mirror//）—（a device//used in astronomical telescopes//to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies//）。第一部分是主干，主语是Bille and his team，谓语是work with，宾语是an optical instrument，过去分词短语called…mirror是instrument的后定语；第二部分是一名词短语，作前面active mirror的同位语，过去分词used是device的后定语，不定式to spot…galaxies是目的状语，现在分词emerging是stars的定语。

【知识链接】 work with使用……；astronomical telescope天文望远镜

3.Connected to a wave-front sensor that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into the eye and back，the aluminum mirror detects the deficiencies of the cornea，the transparent protective layer covering the lens of the human eye.

【参考译文】 铝镜连接着一个波前传感器，可以跟踪和测量进出眼睛的激光束的光程，这个铝镜可以发现角膜——覆盖在眼睛晶状体上的透明保护层——的病变。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Connected to a wave-front sensor//that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into the eye and back//），（the aluminum mirror detects the deficiencies of the cornea），（the transparent protective layer//covering the lens of the human eye//）。第一部分是过去分词短语Connected to…sensor，作方式状语，其中that引导的从句是sensor的定语，into the eye and back是方位状语；第二部分是主干；第三部分是一名词短语，作前面cornea的同位语，现在分词短语covering…eye是layer的后定语。

【知识链接】 connect to sth.与……相连；wave-front波前的；laser beam激光束；protective layer保护层

4.The highly precise data from the two instruments—which，Bille hopes，will one day be found at the opticians all over the world—serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact lenses that correct and enhance the wearer’s vision.

【参考译文】 比尔希望，从这两种仪器上得到的高精确的数据有一天将出现在全世界的眼镜商那里——用于制造完全个性化的眼镜片，以矫正和提高佩戴者的视力。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：The highly precise data…serve as a basis，from the two instruments是data的后定语，介词短语for…contact lenses是basis的后定语，最后的that引导的是lenses的定语从句；破折号之间的内容是the two instruments的定语从句，其中的Bille hopes是插入语，at the opticians是地点状语，all over the world是opticians的后定语。

【知识链接】 serve as充当……

5.By day，Bille’s contact lenses will focus rays of light so accurately on the retina that the image of a small leaf or the outline of a far distant tree will be formed with a sharpness that surpasses that of conventional vision aids by almost half a diopter.

【参考译文】 到那一天，比尔的隐形镜片将把光线精确地聚焦在视网膜上，从而使一片小树叶的图像或远处一棵大树的轮廓的清晰度都能超出传统眼镜近半个屈光度。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（By day，Bille’s contact lenses will focus rays of light so accurately//on the retina//）（that the image of a small leaf or the outline of a far distant tree will be formed//with a sharpness//）（that surpasses that of conventional vision aids//by almost half a diopter//）。第一部分是主干，By day是时间状语，on the retina是地点状语；第二部分是that引导的结果状语从句，that与第一部分的so相呼应，with a sharpness是方式状语；第三部分是that引导的从句，作sharpness的定语，surpasses之后的that指代前面的sharpness，by…diopter是程度状语。

【知识链接】 focus…on…将……聚焦于……；ray of light光线

6.“Because the new lens—in contrast to the already existing ones—also works when it’s dark and the pupil is wide open.”

【参考译文】 “因为新镜片不同于现有镜片，在黑暗处、瞳孔放大时仍能工作。”

【结构分析】 Because引导的原因状语从句的主语the new lens和谓语works被破折号分隔；in contrast to…ones是一介词短语，作方式状语，ones指代前面的lens；最后是when引导的时间状语从句，由and连接的两个单句组成。

【知识链接】 in contrast to sth.与……不同；wide open（眼睛）睁得大大的

7.And one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information on patients’visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer，who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days.

【参考译文】 初步计划是利用互联网把患者视力缺陷的信息从眼镜商传到制造商，然后，制造商在两三天内将隐形镜片制作好并将其寄出。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（And one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information//on patients’visual defects//from the optician to the manufacturer//），（who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days）。第一部分是主句，即主系表结构，不定式to transmit information是目的状语，on…defects是information的后定语，from…manufacturer是范围状语；第二部分是who引导的从句，作manufacturer的定语，produce and mail是并列谓语，within…days是时间状语。

【知识链接】 use sth.to do使用某物做……；a couple of days几天

Passage 15

Bill Gates，the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree，is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title：the MBA（Master of Business Administration）.

The MBA，a 20th-century product，always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed（贪婪）on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature.

But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business school graduates，about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993.This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960，a testimony to the widespread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women who want to run companies some day.

“If you are going into the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one，”said Donald Morrison，professor of marketing and management science.“But in the last five years or so，when someone says，‘Should I attempt to get an MBA，’the answer a lot more is：It depends.”

The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs，such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.，has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.

The Harvard Business Review printed a lively，fictional exchange of letters to dramatize complaints about business degree holders.

The article called MBA hires“extremely disappointing”and said“MBAs want to move up too fast，they don’t understand politics and people，and they aren’t able to function as part of a team until their third year.But by then，they’re out looking for other jobs.”

The problem，most participants in the debate acknowledge，is that the MBA has acquired an aura（光环）of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.

Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one.The growth was fueled by a backlash（反冲）against the anti-business values of the 1960s and by the women’s movement.

Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees often know how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people.“They don’t get a lot of grounding in the people side of the business，”said James Shaffer，vice-president and principal of the Towers Perrin management consulting firm.

1.According to Paragraph 2，what is the general attitude towards business on campuses dominated by purer disciplines？

A.Scornful.

B.Appreciative.

C.Envious.

D.Realistic.

2.It seems that the controversy over the value of MBA degrees has been fueled mainly by______.

A.the complaints from various employers

B.the success of many non-MBAs

C.the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplines

D.the poor performance of MBAs at work

3.What is the major weakness of MBA holders according to The Harvard Business Review？

A.They are usually serf-centered.

B.They are aggressive and greedy.

C.They keep complaining about their jobs.D.They are not good at dealing with people.

4.From the passage we know that most MBAs______.

A.can climb the corporate ladder fairly quickly

B.quit their jobs once they are familiar with their workmates

C.receive salaries that do not match their professional training

D.cherish unrealistic expectations about their future

5.What is the passage mainly about？

A.Why there is an increased enrollment in MBA programs.

B.The necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schools.

C.Doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree.

D.A debate held recently on university campuses.

参考译文

比尔·盖茨，拥有亿万财富却没有大学学位的微软主席，通过他的成功引发了人们对商界最受欢迎的学术头衔MBA（工商管理硕士）价值的质疑。

MBA，作为20世纪的产物，在像哲学和文化这样的纯学术学科为主的绿树成荫的大学校园里，一出现就被打上低俗的商业和贪婪的记号。

然而，虽然经济萧条使对商校毕业生的需求明显降低，但1993年仍有大约7.9万人希望获得MBA学位。这几乎是1960年商校毕业生的16倍，这也是对人们的普遍假设——MBA对那些将来想要开公司的青年男女来说是非常关键的一个证明。

“如果想进入商界，没有MBA仍然是一个不利因素，”市场营销和管理科学教授Donald Morrison说，“但是，在过去的五年左右，当有人问‘我应该去读MBA吗’，很多答复是：不一定。”

比尔·盖茨和其他非MBA毕业生，如已故的沃尔玛连锁店的山姆·沃尔顿的成功，已经在商校自发地引起了有关工商学位的价值和管理技能是否可以后天获得等问题的讨论。

《哈佛工商学评论》发表了一些语气活泼、内容虚构的回信来讽刺那些心有怨言的工商管理学位的拥有者。

文章称MBA雇员“令人极其失望”，并说“MBA雇员太急于升职，他们不了解政治和人际关系，直到第三年他们才能够适应自己是团队的一部分。但到那时，他们又开始另找工作了”。

大部分辩论的参与者认为，问题在于MBA们对未来财富和权力的憧憬大大超出了其实际重要性和作用。

20世纪七八十年代商校招生迅速扩大，使得人们认为没有MBA就不能在商界发展。60年代对反商业价值观的强烈不满和妇女运动又进一步促使招生迅速增长。

雇用过MBA人员或与他们一起工作过的商业人士说，那些学位持有者通常知道如何分析系统，但在激励人员方面却缺乏技巧。“他们在公司里很难深入到群众中去”，Towers Perrin管理咨询公司副董事长兼负责人James Shaffer说。

解题之路

1.选A 。题干大意是：根据第二段内容推出被纯理论学科所统治的大学校园对商业的普遍态度。定位信息是“always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines.”lowly commerce（卑贱的商业）和greed（贪婪）都是贬义词，表明了人们的否定态度，因此选A。

2.选B 。问题是：看起来，主要是什么使有关MBA学位的价值的争论激化？第二段提到，“Bill Gates，the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree，is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title：the MBA.”比尔·盖茨，亿万富翁，微软主席，没有任何大学学历，通过其成功引起对商界所喜爱的MBA学术头衔的价值新的怀疑，第五段更明确地指出：“The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs，…has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree…”比尔·盖茨及其他非MBA人士的成功，激起了人们对商校学位价值的自我清醒的争论。helped inspire与题目中的意思相似。

3.选D 。此题难度较大，第五段谈道：“MBA人想很快提升，他们不懂政治，不懂人事，他们直到三年后才能与集体协作”，可那时，他们已转向寻找其他工作了。即MBA人士不善于处理人际关系。选项A文中未提及，而B、C说法不对，故只有D才是正确的。

4.选D 。此题最好选用排除法，文中均未提过A、B、C的说法，故排除，而D则在第六段可找到相似说法。“The problem…，is that the MBA has acquired an aura of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness”问题在于……，MBA已被套上了一圈光环，这个光环对未来权力及富裕的期望远远超出了它实际的重要性和用途，故D正确。

5.选C 。此题为主旨题。文章从头至尾紧扣一个主题：doubts or debates over the worth of MBA，故C正确。

词汇精解

billionaire　n.亿万富翁

earned　adj.挣得的，获得的

degree　n.度数，度，地位，学位

worth　n.财产，价值

favorite　adj.喜欢的，宠爱的，中意的

borne　vt.（bear的过去分词形式）结（果实），生育，承载

lowly　adj.地位低的，谦逊的，卑贱的

commerce　n.商业

greed　n.贪欲，贪婪

discipline　n.纪律，学科

philosophy　n.哲学，理念，原理

literature　n.文学，文学作品，文艺，文献

recession　n.撤回，退回，不景气，萧条

apparently　adv.显然地，明显地

hire　vt.租用，雇用

graduate　n.（大学）毕业生，研究生

nearly　adv.几乎

testimony　n.证词，宣言，陈述

widespread　adj.分布广泛的，普遍的，流行的

assumption　n.假定，设想，承担

run　vt.管理，经营，运行，开办

late　adj.迟的，晚的，过世的

inspire　vt.鼓舞，启示，激发

debate　n.争论，辩论

participant　n.共享者，参与者

acknowledge　vt.答谢，报偿，承认

acquire　vt.学到，获得

aura　n.气氛，气味，光环

riches　n.财产，财富

enrollment　n.登记，注册，入伍，入学

explode　vi.爆炸，爆发，激发

pursue　vt.追踪，继续，从事，追求

analyze　vt.分析

system　n.体系，制度

motivate　vt.激起，激发

难句解析

1.Bill Gates，the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree，is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title：the MBA（Master of Business Administration）.

【参考译文】 比尔·盖茨，拥有亿万财富却没有大学学位的微软主席，通过他的成功引发了人们对商界最受欢迎的学术头衔MBA（工商管理硕士）价值的质疑。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Bill Gates…is…raising new doubts，名词短语the billionaire…degree是Bill Gates的同位语，without…degree是chairman的后定语，其中的earned是形容词；by his success是方式状语，about…title是doubts的后定语，最后的the MBA是前面academic title的同位语。

【知识链接】 raise doubts about…对……产生怀疑；academic title学术头衔；Master of Business Administration工商管理硕士

2.The MBA，a 20th-century product，always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature.

【参考译文】 MBA，作为20世纪的产物，在像哲学和文化这样的纯学术学科为主的绿树成荫的大学校园里，一出现就被打上低俗的商业和贪婪的记号。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是The MBA…has borne the mark，名词短语a 20th-century product是MBA的同位语，过去分词ruled是campuses的后定语，such as…literature是disciplines的后定语。

【知识链接】 tree-lined（adj.）两边植树的；campus（n.）校园；rule（v.）统治

3.But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business school graduates，about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993.

【参考译文】 然而，虽然经济萧条使对商校毕业生的需求明显降低，但1993年仍有大约7.9万人希望获得MBA学位。

【结构分析】 逗号之后是主干，主语是about 79,000 people，谓语是are expected to receive，宾语是MBAs；逗号之前是with引导的独立主格，即with+名词+现在分词。

【知识链接】 cut into减少；business school商学院；be expected to do应该……

4.This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960，a testimony to the widespread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women who want to run companies some day.

【参考译文】 这几乎是1960年商校毕业生的16倍，这也是对人们的普遍假设——MBA对那些将来想要开公司的青年男女来说是非常关键的一个证明。

【结构分析】 逗号之前是主干，nearly…graduates是表语，其中的16 times是the number的定语；逗号之后是一名词短语，作前面主干的同位语，可以切分为：a testimony to the widespread assumption（that the MBA is vital for young men and women）（who want to run companies some day）。介词短语to…assumption是testimony的后定语，第一个括号内是assumption的同位语从句，第二个括号内是young men and women的定语从句。

【知识链接】 be vital for…对……很重要；some day某一天

5.The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs，such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.，has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.

【参考译文】 比尔·盖茨和其他非MBA毕业生，如已故的沃尔玛连锁店的山姆·沃尔顿的成功，已经在商校自发地引起了有关工商学位的价值和管理技能是否可以后天获得等问题的讨论。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs，//such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.//，has helped inspire self-conscious debates）（on business school campuses）（over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught）。第一部分是主干，主语是The success，谓语是has helped inspire，宾语是debates；第二部分是debates的后定语；第三部分也是debates的后定语，其中的the worth和whether引导的从句分别作over的宾语。

【知识链接】 self-conscious（adj.）自觉的；management skill管理技能

6.The problem，most participants in the debate acknowledge，is that the MBA has acquired an aura of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.

【参考译文】 大部分辩论的参与者认为，问题在于MBA们对未来财富和权力的憧憬大大超出了其实际的重要性和作用。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（The problem，//most participants in the debate acknowledge//，is）（that the MBA has acquired an aura of future riches and power）（far beyond its actual importance and usefulness）。第一部分是主句的主+谓结构，即The problem…is，分隔号内是插入语；第二部分是that引导的从句，作is的表语；第三部分是一介词短语，作前面aura的后定语，its指代aura。

【知识链接】 far beyond远远超过；actual（adj.）实际的；usefulness（n.）有用性，作用

7.Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one.

【参考译文】 20世纪七八十年代商校招生迅速扩大，使得人们认为没有MBA就不能在商界发展。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption）（that no one//who pursued a business career//could do without one）。第一部分是主干，由and连接的两个并列句组成，其中的in business schools是Enrollment的后定语；第二部分that引导的从句是assumption的同位语，其中的who…career是no one的定语从句，without one是条件状语，one指代前文的MBA。

【知识链接】 business school商学院；pursue a business career从商；can do能实现，能维持

8.Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees often know how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people.

【参考译文】 雇用过MBA人员或与他们一起工作过的商业人士说，那些学位持有者通常知道如何分析系统，但在激励人员方面却缺乏技巧。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Business people//who have hired or worked with MBAs//say）｛those//with the degrees//often know（how to analyze systems）but are not so skillful（at motivating people）｝。第一部分是主句的主+谓结构，即Business people…say，分隔号内who…with MBAs是主语的定语从句；第二部分those引导的是say的宾语从句，这也是一个主从复合句，主句的主干是those…know…but are not so skillful，分隔号内with the degrees是those的后定语，小括号内how引导的是know的宾语从句，at motivating people是范围状语。

【知识链接】 work with sb.与某人共事；be skillful at sth.对……很擅长

Passage 16

When school officials in Kalkaska，Michigan，closed classes last week，the media flocked to the story，portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy（吝啬的）taxpayers.There is some truth to that；the property-tax rate here is one-third lower than the state average.But shutting their schools also allowed Kalkaska’s educators and the state’s largest teachers’union，the Michigan Education Association，to make a political point.Their aim was to spur passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding.

It was no coincidence that Kalkaska shut its schools two weeks after residents rejected a 28 percent property-tax increase.The school board argued that without the increase it lacked the$1.5 million needed to keep schools open.

But the school system had not done all it could to keep the schools open.Officials declined to borrow against next ear’s state aid，they refused to trim extracurricular activities and they did not consider seeking a smaller—perhaps more acceptable—tax increase.In fact，closing early is costing Kalkaska a significant amount，including$600,000 in unemployment payments to teachers and staff and$250,000 in lost state aid.In February，the school system promised teachers and staff two months of retirement payments in case schools closed early，a deal that will cost the district$275,000 more.

Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political statement as to keep schools open.The Michigan Education Association hired a public relations firm to stage a rally marking the school closings，which attracted 14 local and national television stations and networks.The president of the National Education Association，the MEA’s parent organization，flew from Washington，D.C.，for the event.And the union tutored school officials in the art of television interviews.School supervisor Doyle Disbrow acknowledges the district could have kept schools open by cutting programs but denies the moves were politically motivated.

Michigan lawmakers have reacted angrily to the closings.The state Senate has already voted to put the system into receivership（破产管理）and reopen schools immediately；the Michigan House plans to consider the bill this week.

1.We learn from the passage that schools in Kalkaska，Michigan，are funded______.

A.by both the local and state governments

B.exclusively by the local government

C.mainly by the state government

D.by the National Education Association

2.One of the purposes for which school officials closed classes was______.

A.to avoid paying retirement benefits to teachers and staff

B.to draw the attention of local taxpayers to political issues

C.to make the financial difficulties of their teachers and staff known to the public

D.to pressure Michigan lawmakers into increasing state funds for local schools

3.The author seems to disapprove of______.

A.the Michigan lawmakers’endless debating

B.the shutting of schools in Kalkaska

C.the involvement of the mass media

D.delaying the passage of the school funding legislation

4.We learn from the passage that school authorities in Kalkaska are more concerned about______.

A.a raise in the property-tax rate in Michigan

B.reopening the schools there immediately

C.the attitude of the MEA’s parent organization

D.making a political issue of the closing of the schools

5.According to the passage，the closing of the schools developed into a crisis because of______.

A.the complexity of the problem

B.the political motives on the part of the educators

C.the weak response of the state officials

D.the strong protest on the part of the students’parents

参考译文

上周，当密歇根州Kalkaska的学校官员关闭学校的时候，媒体纷纷报道此事，说该镇2305名学生成为吝啬纳税人的牺牲品。报道还是阐述了一部分事实：该地的财产税比州平均税率低1/3。但是，关闭学校也使Kalkaska的教育工作者和全州最大的教师团体——密歇根教育联合会成为政治焦点。他们的目的是促使密歇根州的立法者们通过正在争议的增加州政府对教育资金投入的法案。

Kalkaska在居民们拒绝增加28%的财产税两周后关闭了学校，这并不是巧合。学校董事会说，若不增加投入，学校运作将短缺150万美元。

但是，教育部门并没有采取足够的措施使学校维持下去。学校官员不愿借用下一年度的州补助金，他们不愿整顿课外活动，也不愿考虑征收升幅更小一点的也许更易被接受的财产税。实际上，过早关闭学校使Kalkaska花掉了一大笔钱，这包括付给教师和职员的60万美元失业金和25万美元州补助金。2月，教育部门答应给较早关闭的那些学校的教师和职员发放两个月的退休金，这样又将使该地区损失27.5万多美元。

其他一些迹象表明，学校管理部门至少像继续维持学校一样渴望发表一份政治声明。密歇根教育联合会雇了一个公关公司为学校召集了一次集会宣布学校正式关闭，这吸引了14家地方和国家电视台和网络公司。全国教育协会、密歇根教育联合会家长委员会会长专程从华盛顿飞来参加这次活动。工会还向学校官员教授电视访谈的艺术。学校主管人Doyle Disbrow承认，本区可以通过裁减一些项目来维持学校运作，但他否认这个运动带有政治目的。

密歇根的立法者对学校关闭事件很恼火。州参议院已投票决定将教育体系纳入破产管理，并且立即重开学校；密歇根众议院本周将考虑此项法案。

解题之路

1.选A 。第一段中指出：“…portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy taxpayers.…the property-tax rate here is one-third lower than the state average…”媒体纷纷报道此事，说该镇2305学生成了吝啬纳税人的牺牲品……该地的财产税率比全州平均税率低1/3。最后一句说：Their aim was to spur passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding.他们的目的是促使密歇根州的立法者们通过正在争议的增加学校基金州政府投入的进程。故可知，Kalkaska学校是由地方和州政府资助的，选A。而在第三段中，也有暗示：“In fact，closing early is costing Kalkaska a significant amount，including$600,000 in unemployment payments to teachers and staff and$250,000 in lost state aid.”

2.选D 。第一段最后一句话指出：他们的目的是促使密歇根州的立法者们通过正在争议的增加学校基金州政府投入的法律进程，故D正确。

3.选B 。综合第三段可得出结论。第三段首句指出：学校方面并未为保持学校开设而尽全力。接下来仔细论证了这一观点，暗含作者不赞同关闭学校的意思。

4.选D 。第四段的首句便是答案所在。“Other signs suggest school authorities were at least eager to make a political statement as to keep school open.”其他一些迹象表明，学校管理部门至少像继续维持学校一样渴望发表一份声明。故此句暗示，校方领导更关注的应是make a political statement，故选D。

5.选B 。问题问：根据文章，学校关门一事演变为危机是由于______。要选对这一题要纵观全文。第一段指出：“But shutting their schools also allowed kalkaska’s educators and…，to make a political point.”第四段再次指出：“Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political statement as to keep school open.”尽管在第四段末尾学校否认“the moves were politically motivated”，我们仍可得出结论，B正确。而A、D的说法文中并不存在。因为最后一段说：“Michigan lawmakers have reacted angrily to the closing”，所以C中“weak response”也失真。

词汇精解

media　n.媒介，媒体

flock　vi.聚集，蜂拥

victim　n.牺牲品，牺牲者，受害者

stingy　adj.有刺的，小气的，吝啬的

shut　vt.关上，闭上，关闭

educator　n.教育家，教育工作者

union　n.联合，合并，协会，组织

association　n.联合，联想，协会

aim　n.瞄准，目的，目标

spur　vt.鞭策，刺激，激励

passage　n.通道，通路，经过，通过

legislation　n.法律制定，立法

lawmaker　n.立法者

funding　n.资金

board　n.木板，甲板，膳食费用，董事会

significant　adj.有意义的，重大的，重要的

amount　n.数量

payment　n.偿还，付款，报酬

staff　n.棒，支柱，全体员工

promise　vt.答应，许诺

retirement　n.引退，退却，退休

deal　n.交易，买卖，密约，事情

interview　n.接见，会见，采访

supervisor　n.检查员，管理者

district　n.区域，地方，管区，地区

deny　vt.拒绝，否认

motivate　vt.激发，推动

bill　n.账单，票据，清单，议案

难句解析

1.When school officials in Kalkaska，Michigan，closed classes last week，the media flocked to the story，portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy taxpayers.

【参考译文】 上周，当密歇根州Kalkaska的学校官员关闭学校的时候，媒体纷纷报道此事，说该镇2305名学生成为吝啬纳税人的牺牲品。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（When school officials//in Kalkaska，Michigan//，closed classes last week），（the media flocked to the story），（portraying the town’s 2,305 students//as victims of stingy taxpayers//）。第一部分是When引导的时间状语从句，分隔号内的介词短语in Kalkaska，Michigan是主语school officials的后定语；第二部分是主句，to the story是方位状语；第三部分的现在分词portraying引导伴随状语，as…taxpayers是宾语补足语。

【知识链接】 Michigan密歇根（美国州名）；close classes关闭学校；portray…as…将……描述成……；taxpayer（n.）纳税人

2.But shutting their schools also allowed Kalkaska’s educators and the state’s largest teachers’union，the Michigan Education Association，to make a political point.

【参考译文】 但是，关闭学校也使Kalkaska的教育工作者和全州最大的教师协会——密歇根教育联合会成为政治焦点。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主语是动名词短语shutting their schools，谓语是allowed，宾语是Kalkaska’s educators…Association，不定式to make…point是宾语补足语。

【知识链接】 allow sb.to do sth.允许某人……；teachers’union教师协会；make a political point成为政治焦点

3.Their aim was to spur passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding.

【参考译文】 他们的目的是促使密歇根州的立法者们通过正在争议的增加州政府对教育资金投入的法案。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Their aim was to spur passage of legislation）（Michigan lawmakers are debating）（to increase the state’s share of school funding）。第一部分是主干，不定式to spur…legislation是表语；第二部分是一单句，作前面legislation的定语；第三部分的不定式to increase…funding是目的状语。

【知识链接】 one’s aim is to do某人的目标是……；spur passage of促使通过……

4.The school board argued that without the increase it lacked the$1.5 million needed to keep schools open.

【参考译文】 学校董事会说，若不增加投入，学校运作将短缺150万美元。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（The school board argued）（that//without the increase//it lacked the$1.5 million needed//to keep schools open//）。第一部分是主句的主语+谓语结构；第二部分是that引导的从句，作argued的宾语，其主干是it lacked the$1.5 million，主语it指代前面的The school board，过去分词needed是$1.5 million的后定语，without the increase是条件状语，不定式to…open是目的状语。

【知识链接】 school board学校董事会；argue that认为……；keep…open使……开放

5.But the school system had not done all it could to keep the schools open.

【参考译文】 但是，教育部门并没有采取足够的措施使学校维持下去。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（But the school system had not done all//it could//）（to keep the schools open）。第一部分是主干，it could是宾语all的定语从句；第二部分的不定式to…open是目的状语。

【知识链接】 school system教育部门；do all sb.can to do尽某人所能……

6.In fact，closing early is costing Kalkaska a significant amount，including$600,000 in unemployment payments to teachers and staff and$250,000 in lost state aid.

【参考译文】 实际上，过早关闭学校使Kalkaska花掉了一大笔钱，这包括付给教师和职员的60万美元失业金和25万美元州补助金。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（In fact，closing early is costing Kalkaska a significant amount），（including$600,000//in unemployment payments to teachers and staff//and$250,000//in lost state aid//）。第一部分是主干，主语是动名词短语closing early，Kalkaska和a significant amount分别是间接和直接宾语；第二部分是including的短语，作a significant amount的定语，介词短语in unemployment…staff和in…aid分别是$600,000和$250,000的后定语。

【知识链接】 in fact实际上；a significant amount一大笔（钱）；unemployment payment失业金；state aid州补助金

7.In February，the school system promised teachers and staff two months of retirement payments in case schools closed early，a deal that will cost the district$275,000 more.

【参考译文】 2月，教育部门答应给较早关闭的那些学校的教师和职员发放两个月的退休金，这样又将使该地区损失27.5万多美元。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（In February，the school system promised teachers and staff//two months of retirement payments//in case schools//closed early//），（a deal//that will cost the district$275,000 more//）。第一部分是主干，即the school system promised teachers and staff two months of retirement payments，two…payments是promised的直接宾语，过去分词closed是case schools的后定语；第二部分是一名词短语，作前面句子的同位语，其中that引导的从句是a deal的定语，the district和$275,000 more分别是cost的间接和直接宾语。

【知识链接】 promise sb.sth.许诺给某人……；retirement payment退休金；case school所涉及的学校

Passage 17

German Chancellor（首相）Otto Von Bismarck may be most famous for his military and diplomatic talent，but his legacy（遗产）includes many of today’s social insurance programs.During the middle of the 19th century，Germany，along with other European nations，experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization.Motivated in part by Christian compassion（怜悯）for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement，Chancellor Bismarck created the world’s first workers’compensation law in 1884.

By 1908，the United States was the only industrial nation in the world that lacked workers’compensation insurance.America’s injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law，but they still faced a number of tough legal barriers.For example，employees had to prove that their injuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace.The first state workers’compensation law in this country passed in 1911，and the program soon spread throughout the nation.

After World WarⅡ，benefit payments to American workers did not keep up with the cost of living.In fact，real benefit levels were lower in the 1970s than they were in the 1940s，and in most states the maximum benefit was below the poverty level for a family of four.In 1970，President Richard Nixon set up a national commission to study the problems of workers’compensation.Two years later，the commission issued 19 key recommendations，including one that called for increasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states’average weekly wages.

In fact，the average compensation benefit in America has climbed from 55 percent of the states’average weekly wages in 1972 to 97 percent today.But，as most studies show，every 10 percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 percent increase in the numbers of workers who file for claims.And with so much more money floating in the workers’compensation system，it’s not surprising that doctors and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie.

1.The world’s first workers’compensation law was introduced by Bismarck______.

A.to make industrial production safer

B.to speed up the pace of industrialization

C.out of religious and political considerations

D.for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movement

2.We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe______.

A.was accompanied by an increased number of workshop accidents

B.resulted in the development of popular social insurance programs

C.required workers to be aware of the potential dangers at the workplace

D.met growing resistance from laborers working at machines

3.One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in the early 19th century was that______.

A.they had to have the courage to sue for damages in a court of law

B.different sums in the U.S.had totally different compensation programs

C.America’s average compensation benefit was much lower than the cost of living

D.they had to produce evidence that their employers were responsible for the accident

4.After 1972 workers’compensation insurance in the U.S.became more favorable to workers so that______.

A.the poverty level for a family of four went up drastically

B.there were fewer legal barriers when they filed for claims

C.the number of workers suing for damages increased

D.more money was allocated to their compensation system

5.The author ends the passage with the implication that______.

A.compensation benefits in America are soaring to new heights

B.the workers are not the only ones to benefit from the compensation system

C.people from all walks of life can benefit from the compensation system

D.money floating in the compensation system is a huge drain on the U.S.economy

参考译文

德国首相奥托·冯·俾斯麦可能以他的军事和外交才能最广为人知，但他的功劳还包括许多当今的社会保障体系。19世纪中期，不断增长的工业化使德国以及其他一些欧洲国家经历了一场空前的工作场所的伤亡事故和意外事故的冲击。部分是出于一个基督徒对那些无助者的怜悯，还有出于削弱社会党对工人运动支持的实际政治动机，俾斯麦首相在1884年创立了世界上第一部工人赔偿法。

到1908年，美国是世界上唯一没有工人赔偿保障的工业国家。美国的受伤工人可以起诉要求赔偿金，但是他们仍需面对艰难的法律障碍。比如，工人必须证明他们所受的伤是直接由老板的疏忽引起的，而他们自己对工作场所潜在的危险一无所知。美国第一部州工人赔偿法于1911年通过，不久此法便遍及全美各地。

第二次世界大战后，付给美国工人的赔偿金不能满足生活消费。事实上，20世纪70年代真正的赔偿金标准要低于40年代，在大部分州里最高赔偿金低于四口之家的最低生活标准。1970年，理查德·尼克松总统成立了一个国家委员会来研究工人赔偿金问题。两年后，该委员会提出19项重要建议，包括要求把赔偿金标准提高到州平均周工资的100%。

事实上，美国的平均赔偿金已从1972年的州平均周工资的55%提高到今天的97%。但正如大多数研究显示，赔偿金提高10%会导致申请赔偿金的工人人数增加5%。由于工人赔偿金系统里增加了这么多钱，面对这块不断做大的蛋糕，医生和律师们为自己争取更大的份额就不足为奇了。

解题之路

1.选C 。第一段指出：“Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical Political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement...”部分是出于一个基督徒对那些无助者的怜悯，还有出于削减对社会主义劳工运动的支持的实际政治动机（Chancellor Bismark1884年创立了世界上第一个工人补偿法），故“Christian compassion”与“political impulse”指Bismark是出于宗教及政治上的考虑才创立工人补偿法的，故C正确。

2.选A 。第一段指出：“During the middle of the 19th century，Germany，along with other European nations，experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace death and accidents as a result of growing industrialization.”19世纪中期，不断发展的工业化进程使德国以及其他一些欧洲国家经历了一场空前的工作场所的伤亡事故和意外事故的冲击，故A的说法是正确的。

3.选D 。第二段指出：“美国的受伤工人可以因伤害而在法庭起诉，但他们仍然面临大量艰难的法律障碍，如，受雇者必须有他们的伤是由雇主的疏忽直接造成，他们自己对车间潜在的危险一无所知”，故D正确。

4.选C 。第四段说：实际上，在美国，平均补偿金从1972年占州平均同薪的55%，一路攀升到今天的97%。但是，大多数研究显示，补偿金每提高10%，结果索赔的工人数目就会增长5%。故C正确。

5.选B 。最后一段话的最后一句说：随着如此巨大数目的金钱在补偿机制中浮动，医生与律师让自己分享这块增大的馅饼中的一份当然是毫不奇怪了。故B“工人不是补偿制度中唯一获利的人”这一说法与文意相符，故B正确。而C的说法过于夸张。

词汇精解

unprecedented　adj.史无前例的，空前的

rash　n.撞击，冲击

injury　n.侮辱，伤害

directly　adv.立即，直接地

workplace　n.车间，工作地点

accident　n.意外事件，事故

growing　adj.成长的，不断壮大的，不断发展的

industrialization　n.产业化，工业化

Christian　n.基督徒，信徒

Compassion　n.同情，怜悯

helpless　adj.无能的，无用的，无助的

practical　adj.实践的，实用的

impulse　n.推动，推动力，刺激，冲动

undercut　vt.切除……的下部，暗中破坏，

削弱

socialist　n.社会党党员，社会主义者

compensation　n.补偿，赔偿

employee　n.职工，雇员，员工

employer　n.老板，雇主

negligence　n.疏忽，忽视

potential　adj.可能的，潜在的

hazard　n.冒险，危险

issue　vt.发出，发行，发布

key　adj.关键的，重要的

recommendation　n.推荐，介绍（信）

average　adj.一般的，通常的，平均的

weekly　adj.一周的，每周的

wage　n.工资

float　vi.浮动，漂浮，漂移

pie　n.馅饼，杂乱

难句解析

1.Germany，along with other European nations，experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization.

【参考译文】 不断发展的工业化进程使德国和其他一些欧洲国家经历了一场空前的工作场所伤亡事故和意外事故的冲击。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：Germany，（along with other European nations），experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents（as a result of growing industrialization）。括号外的内容是主干，即Germany…experienced an unprecedented rash，介词短语along…nations作状语，介词短语as…industrialization作方式状语。

【知识链接】 along with连同；as a result of因为，作为……的结果

2.Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement，Chancellor Bismarck created the world’s first workers’compensation law in 1884.

【参考译文】 部分是出于一个基督徒对那些无助者的怜悯，还有出于削弱社会党对工人运动支持的实际政治动机，俾斯麦首相在1884年创立了世界上第一部工人赔偿法。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：Chancellor Bismarck created…compensation law，难点在于逗号之前的内容，可以切分为：Motivated in part（by Christian compassion//for the helpless//as well as a practical political impulse//to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement//），Motivated是过去分词，引导原因状语，括号里的内容作Motivated的状语，主干是by Christian compassion…as well as a practical political impulse，其中的as well as近似于and，介词短语for the helpless是compassion的后定语，不定式to undercut…movement是political impulse的后定语。

【知识链接】 in part部分上；as well as以及；labor movement工人运动；chancellor（n.）（德国、奥地利等国的）首相；Bismarck俾斯麦（曾任德国首相）

3.For example，employees had to prove that their injuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace.

【参考译文】 比如，工人必须证明他们所受的伤是直接由老板的疏忽引起的，而他们自己对工作场所潜在的危险一无所知。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（For example，employees had to prove）（that their injuries directly resulted from//employer negligence//）（and that they themselves were ignorant about//potential hazards in the workplace//）。第一部分是主句的主谓结构，第二部分和第三部分是and连接的并列句，作had to prove的宾语，分隔号内的employer negligence是resulted from的宾语，potential hazards…workplace是were ignorant about的宾语，in the workplace是potential hazards的后定语。

【知识链接】 result from来自于；be ignorant about sth.对……不了解

4.Two years later，the commission issued 19 key recommendations，including one that called for increasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states’average weekly wages.

【参考译文】 两年后，该委员会提出19项重要建议，包括要求把赔偿金标准提高到州平均周工资的100%。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（the commission issued 19 key recommendations），（including one//that called for increasing compensation benefit levels//to 100 percent of the states’average weekly wages//）。第一部分是主干；第二部分是including引导的短语，作recommendations的后定语，其中的one指代前面的recommendations，之后的that引导的从句是one的定语，介词短语to…wages是结果状语。

【知识链接】 call for要求；increase…to…将……增加到……；weekly wage周薪

5.But，as most studies show，every 10 percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 percent increase in the numbers of workers who file for claims.

【参考译文】 但正如大多数研究显示，赔偿金提高10%会导致申请赔偿金的工人人数增加5%。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（as most studies show），（every 10 percent increase//in compensation benefits//results in a 5 percent increase//in the numbers of workers who file for claims//）。第一部分是as引导的定语从句，as指代第二部分的内容；第二部分是主句，主干是every 10 percent increase…results in a 5 percent increase，in…workers是a 5 percent increase后定语，who…claims是workers的定语从句。

【知识链接】 result in导致；file for claim提出索赔

6.And with so much more money floating in the workers’compensation system，it’s not surprising that doctors and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie.

【参考译文】 由于工人赔偿金系统里增加了这么多钱，面对这块不断做大的蛋糕，医生和律师们为自己争取更大的份额就不足为奇了。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（And with so much more money//floating//in the workers’compensation system//），（it’s not surprising//that doctors and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie//）。第一部分是with引导的独立主格结构，即with+名词+现在分词结构，现在分词floating是money的宾语补足语，in…system是地点状语；第二部分是主干，it指代后面that引导的从句，其中的介词短语to a pie是宾语补足语，help oneself…to sth.已形成固定短语，参看知识链接。

【知识链接】 it’s not surprising that……不足为奇；help oneself to sth.自用，自取（食物等）；a slice of一片

Passage 18

Early in the age of affluence（富裕）that followed World WarⅡ，an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed，“Our enormously productive economy...demands that we make consumption our way of life，that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals，that we seek our spiritual satisfaction，our ego satisfaction，in consumption...We need things consumed，burned up，worn out，replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”

Americans have responded to Lebow’s call，and much of the world has followed.

Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values.Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United Sates—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.

Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth.Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests，soils，water，air and climate.

Ironically，high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms，too.The time-honored values of integrity of character，good work，friendship，family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.

Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that，misled by a consumerist culture，they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social，psychological and spiritual needs with material things.

Of course，the opposite of overconsumption—poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems.It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too.Dispossessed（被剥夺得一无所有的）peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America，and hungry nomads（游牧民族）turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland，reducing it to desert.

If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much，we are left to wonder how much is enough.What level of consumption can the earth support？When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction？

1.The emergence of the affluent society after World WarⅡ______.

A.gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers

B.gave rise to the dominance of the new egoism

C.led to the reform of the retailing system

D.resulted in the worship of consumerism

2.Apart from enormous productivity，another important impetus to high consumption is______.

A.the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals

B.the people’s desire for a rise in their living standards

C.the imbalance that has existed between production and consumption

D.the concept that one’s success is measured by how much they consume

3.Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing？

A.Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.

B.Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.

C.Because overconsumption won’t last long due to unrestricted population growth.

D.Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.

4.According to the passage，consumerist culture______.

A.cannot thrive on a fragile economy

B.will not aggravate environmental problems

C.cannot satisfy human spiritual needs

D.will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries

5.It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A.human spiritual needs should match material affluence

B.there is never an end to satisfying people’s material needs

C.whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue

D.how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem

参考译文

第二次世界大战后经济繁盛之初，美国零售业分析家Victor Lebow宣称：“我们高速发展的经济……要求我们把消费作为自己的生活方式，把购买和使用商品变成一种惯例，在消费中寻求精神满足和自我满足……我们需要把产品更快地消耗、烧毁、用坏、取代和丢弃。”

美国人已在响应Lebow的号召，世界其他地方也纷纷效仿。

在工业地区，消费已成为生活的中心支柱，并深深地融于社会价值观念中。在世界两个经济大国——日本和美国所进行的民意调查显示，消费主义所界定的成功论变得日益盛行。

对世界财富的过度消费是个环境问题，其严重性除了与人口增长的危害相当外没有其他问题能与之相比。它们对资源巨大的开发将用尽或不可挽回地破坏森林、土壤、水、空气和气候。

有讽刺的是，高消费同时也会带来喜忧参半的恩惠。长期以来受人尊重的价值观念，如诚实的品质、良好的工作、友谊、家庭和社团等往往在财富追求中被牺牲了。

因此工业地区的许多人感觉到他们充足的世界不知何故变空了——由于被消费中心主义文化误导，他们试图以物质来满足社会的、心理的和精神上的需求，但毫无成效。

当然，过度消费的另一极端——贫穷——并不是解决环境或人类问题的办法。贫穷对人类来说更加糟糕，对自然界也没什么好处。被剥夺的一无所有的农民为了生存，在拉丁美洲的雨林中砍伐和火烧，饥饿的游牧民族把他们的牧群赶进贫瘠的非洲草地，使之退化成沙漠。

如果过于贫穷或过于富裕都会导致环境破坏，那么，我们想知道多么富裕才恰到好处。地球能支持什么样的消费水平？什么时候人们的贪欲才能明显停止？

解题之路

1.选D 。本题可从第一段总结得出。“……我们高速发展的经济……要求我们把消费作为自己的生活方式，把购买商品和使用商品变成一种惯例，在消费中寻求精神满足和自我满足……我们需要把产品更快地消耗、烧毁、用坏、取代和丢弃”。这几句引用的话其实表达的是一个主题：第二次世界大战后的富裕时代，人们崇拜消费主义，故D正确。

2.选D 。本题可选择排除法。A的说法与第一段不符；B、C文中并未提及，只有D正确。第三段首句说：“消费已成为工业地区上生活的中心支柱，并深深地融入社会价值观念中。”有关“社会价值”，本段最后一句解释说“……消费主义的成功的定义正愈发流行”。综合这两处，可知D正确。

3.选B 。这是一个因果关系题，第五段大意是：“讽刺的是，高消费就人类而言也许是一种混合的恩典。由来已久的正直性格辛勤工作，友谊家庭和大众的价值已经在奔向富裕的途中统统荡尽了。”前一句是果，后一句是因，故B正确。

4.选C 。这是一道细节题。第五段谈道：“如此，工业地区的许多人有种感觉：他们富庶的世界实际上空空如也——那是被消费主义的文化所误导了的。他们试图用物质的东西来满足社会的、心理的和精神的必要需求，却一无所获”，综合全段，只有C的说法符合原文。

5.选D 。这是一道推断题，最后一段有两个疑问句：地球能承受什么水平的消费？何时不再拥有更多，停止扩大人们无休止的需求才是最佳？这两个问题其实都是在针对“如何保持合理消费的水平”而提出的。故只有D正确。

词汇精解

affluence　n.富足，富裕

retailing　adj.零售的，零售业的

analyst　n.分解者，分析家

proclaim　vt.宣布，显示，声称

severity　n.严肃，严格，严重性

but　prep.除了

plenty　n.大量，丰富，富足

somehow　adv.不知何故

enormously　adv.巨大地，非常

productive　adj.生产性的，能产的，富有成效的

consumption　n.消费，消费量

convert　vt.使改变，使转换，使改变信仰

ritual　n.典礼，礼节，仪式

spiritual　adj.精神的，灵魂的

satisfaction　n.满意，满足，令人满足的事物

ego　n.个人，自我，利己主义

consumerist　n.用户至上主义者，主张消费主义的人

definition　n.定义，精确度，解说

prevalent　adj.普遍的，盛行的，流行的

overconsumption　n.过度消费

environmental　adj.周围的，环境的

unmatched　adj.不相配的，无匹敌的，无可比拟的

hollow　adj.空的，虚伪的，空腹的

mislead　vt.误导

fruitlessly　adv.徒劳地，无益地，毫无效果地

satisfy　vt.满足，使满意，使相信

essentially　adv.本质上，实质上

psychological　adj.心理的

nomad　n.游牧民族，流浪者

herd　n.兽群，牧群

fragile　adj.易碎的，脆弱的（意译为“贫瘠的”）

grassland　n.牧草地，草原

destruction　n.毁灭，破坏

result　vi.导致，出现

wonder　vt.对……感到惊奇，想知道

noticeably　adv.引人注目地，显著地，明显地

human　adj.人的，人类的，人性的

难句解析

1.Early in the age of affluence that followed World War II，an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed，“Our enormously productive economy...demands that we make consumption our way of life，that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals，that we seek our spiritual satisfaction，our ego satisfaction，in consumption.”

【参考译文】 第二次世界大战后经济繁盛之初，美国零售业分析家Victor Lebow宣称：“我们高速发展的经济……要求我们把消费作为自己的生活方式，把购买和使用商品变成一种惯例，在消费中寻求精神满足和自我满足。”

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（Early in the age of affluence//that followed World WarⅡ//），（an American retailing analyst//named Victor Lebow//proclaimed），（Our enormously productive economy...demands//that we make consumption our way of life，//that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals，//that we seek our spiritual satisfaction，our ego satisfaction，in consumption//）。第一部分是时间状语，分隔号内是that引导的age的定语从句；第二部分是主干的主谓结构，即an American retailing analyst…proclaimed，过去分词短语named Victor Lebow是retailing analyst的后定语；第三部分是proclaimed的宾语从句，该从句的主干是Our enormously productive economy...demands that…that…that…，第一个that引导的宾语从句中，our way of life是宾语consumption的补足语，第二个that引导的宾语从句中，into rituals也是宾语the buying and use of goods的补足语。

【知识链接】 in the age of处于……的时代；way of life生活方式；convert…into…将……转化成……；spiritual satisfaction精神满足

2.Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.

【参考译文】 在世界两个经济大国——日本和美国所进行的民意调查显示，消费主义所界定的成功论变得日益盛行。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Opinion surveys…show…definitions，in…economies是主语的后定语，Japan and the United Sates是two largest economies的同位语，现在分词短语becoming…prevalent是宾语definitions的补足语。

【知识链接】 opinion survey民意调查

3.Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth.

【参考译文】 对世界财富的过度消费是个环境问题，其严重性除了与人口增长的危害相当外没有其他问题能与之相比。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Overconsumption…is an environmental problem，by the world’s fortunate是主语Overconsumption的后定语，过去分词unmatched是表语environmental problem的补足语，in severity是范围状语，by…growth是状语，其中的but是介词，相当于except。

【知识链接】 environmental problem环境问题；anything but不是；population growth人口增长

4.Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that，misled by a consumerist culture，they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social，psychological and spiritual needs with material things.

【参考译文】 因此工业地区的许多人感觉到他们充足的世界不知何故变空了——由于被消费主义文化误导，他们试图以物质来满足社会的、心理的和精神的需求，但毫无成效。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense）（that their world of plenty is somehow hollow）—（that，//misled by a consumerist culture//，they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy//what are essentially social，psychological and spiritual needs//with material things）。第一部分是主句，in…lands是主语many的后定语；第二部分和第三部分均是前面sense的同位语从句；第三部分中的过去分词短语misled…culture是原因状语，what…needs是satisfy的宾语从句，with material things是方式状语。

【知识链接】 have a sense that感觉到……；consumerist culture消费主义文化；attempt to do试图……

5.And hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland，reducing it to desert.

【参考译文】 饥饿的游牧民族把他们的牧群赶进贫瘠的非洲草地，使之退化成沙漠。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主语是hungry nomads，谓语是their herds，out…grassland是方位状语，现在分词结构reducing…desert是结果状语，it指代前面的grassland，介词短语to desert是宾语it的补足语。

【知识链接】 reduce…to…将……变成……

6.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much，we are left to wonder how much is enough.

【参考译文】 如果过于贫穷或过于富裕都会导致环境破坏，那么，我们想知道多么富裕才恰到好处。

【结构分析】 If引导的条件状语从句中，主语是environmental destruction，谓语是results，when引导的时间状语从句中，主语是people，谓语是have，宾语是too little or too much；主句的主语是we，谓语是are left to wonder，宾语是how引导的从句。

【知识链接】 either…or…或者……或者……；be left to do只能……

7.When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction？

【参考译文】 什么时候人们的贪欲才能明显停止？

【结构分析】 这个问句的主语是动名词结构having more，谓语是cease to add…to，宾语是human satisfaction。

【知识链接】 cease to do不再……；add to…增强……

Passage 19

When global warming finally came，it stuck with a vengeance（异乎寻常地）.In some regions，temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century.Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet，flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland.Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America，Europe and Asia.After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction，people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.The adaptation was farming：the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.

As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future，earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence.Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold，wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.

Most important，scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species.New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution：from the dawn of primates（灵长目动物）some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs，from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture.Indeed，the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change，some scientists argue，it has in some instances been driven by it.

The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio.Among other things，the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth.The benign（宜人的）global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture，writing，cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages.In fact，the pattern or climate change in the past reveals that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.

1.Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged______.

A.to give up his former way of life

B.to leave the coastal areas

C.to follow the ever-shifting vegetation

D.to abandon his original settlement

2.Earth scientists have come to understand that climate______.

A.is going through a fundamental change

B.has been getting warmer for 10,000 years

C.will eventually change from hot to cold

D.has gone through periodical change

3.Scientists believe that human evolution______.

A.has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes

B.has exerted little influence on climatic changes

C.has largely been effected by climatic changes

D.has had a major impact on climatic changes

4.Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that______.

A.human activities have accelerated changes of Earth’s environment

B.Earth’s environment will remain mild despite human interference

C.Earth’s climate is bound to change significantly in the future

D.Earth’s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future

5.The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that______.

A.human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changes

B.mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climate

C.man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming process

D.human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature

参考译文

全球变暖真的来临了，它的影响异乎寻常。100年内，有些地区的温度升高了好几度。海平面大约上升400英尺，淹没了沿海的居住地，迫使人们向内陆迁移。由于北美、欧洲和亚洲的植被剧烈变化，沙漠迅速在世界范围内扩散，这使得我们身边的许多动物濒临灭绝。人们被迫放弃了原有的生活方式，采取了全新的生存策略，结果导致大规模的饥荒和疾病。这种适应就是农业，1万多年前的全球变暖危机促进了农业的出现。

本周，环境保护专家在里约热内卢召开了讨论将来全球气候情况的会议，在关于气候如何变化和这些变化如何影响人类的生存方面，地球学家正处于根本转变中。强大的地质和天文力量结合在一起，使地球环境从热变冷，从潮湿变干燥，在几亿年的时间里周而复始，研究人员开始把这些组合成了一幅清晰的图画。

最重要的是，科学家们开始认识到气候变化对人类进化的作用。现在新的研究表明，气候变化几乎在人类进化的每一个重大转折点都起到重要作用：这些变化包括大约6500万年前灵长目动物的出现到能够直立行走的人类祖先，以及人类大脑的迅速发育到农业的兴起。一些科学家认为，确实，人类历史不仅仅是受全球气候的影响，但在某些情况下是由气候变化所驱动的。

新的研究对在里约热内卢召开的环境高峰会议具有重大意义。首先，研究结果表明，剧烈的气候变化对地球来说并不新鲜。宜人的全球环境在1万年前就已存在，在此期间，出现了农业、文字、城市和其他文明特征，在历史上，这种宜人环境仅仅是更大的、广泛变化的气候模式中的一个亮点。实际上，过去的气候变化模式揭示，即使没有人类活动的影响，未来地球气候也肯定会经历巨大的变化。

解题之路

1.选A 。事实细节题。见第一段的倒数第二句话After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction，people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.在使周围的动物濒临灭绝之后，人们被迫放弃旧有的生活方式，采取一种全新的生活策略，这导致了大范围的饥荒和疾病。

2.选D 。事实细节题。见第二段的第二句话Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold，wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.研究人员拼凑起一幅具有启示意义的图画，揭示出正是地质和天文的巨大力量结合在一起，在过去的几百万年中使地球的环境由热到冷、由潮湿到干燥，周而复始地发生变化。

3.选C 。主旨题。本文的主题是气候变化对人类生存的影响。在第二段的开头即提出了会议的内容，提到了“those changes have transformed human existence”；第三段的第一句话重申了这个主题，说“the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species”，这句话倒过来即是本题题干加上选项C的意思。

4.选C 。事实细节题。文章的最后一句话说“过去气候变化的模式说明，即使没有人类活动的影响，将来地球上的气候也几乎肯定会经历巨大的变化”，C是本句后面部分的同义再现。

5.选D 。逻辑推断题。解题的线索在第三段的最后一句话：Indeed，the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change，some scientists argue，it has in some instances been driven by it.的确，人类的历史不仅仅受到全球气候变化一些影响。科学家们认为，在有些情况下，正是气候变化推动了人类历史的发展。

词汇精解

flood　vt.淹没，注满，充满

coastal　adj.海岸的，沿海的

settlement　n.解决，结算，殖民地，居住地

migrate　vi.移动，迁徙，移居，迁移

inland　adv.在内地，向内地

drive　vt.开车，发动，驱赶，驱使

extinction　n.消失，消灭，灭绝

radically　adv.激进地，根本上，彻底地

starvation　n.饥饿，饿死

adaptation　n.改编，适应

environmentalist　n.环境保护论者，环境保护专家

convene　v.召集，集会

ponder　vt.沉思，考虑，思考

transform　vt.转换，改造，转变

illuminating　adj.照明的，照亮的，启发性的

powerful　adj.有力的，强大的

geological　adj.地质学的，地质的，地理的

astronomical　adj.天文学的，天文的，无法估计的

stretch　vi.伸展，伸长，延伸

benign　adj.（病）良性的，仁慈的，（气候）宜人的

feature　n.特色，特写，容貌，特征

civilization　n.文明，文化，文明社会

mere　adj.仅仅的，纯粹的

spot　n.斑点，污点，地点，现场

pattern　n.式样，样品，模式

varying　adj.变化的，不同的

reveal　vt.展示，显示，揭示，暴露

dramatic　adj.戏剧性的，生动的，剧烈的

难句解析

1.Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet，flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland.

【参考译文】 海平面大约上升400英尺，淹没了沿海的居住地，迫使人们向内陆迁移。

【结构分析】 这个句子（Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet），（flooding coastal settlements and forcing people//to migrate inland//）。第一部分是主干，主语是Sea levels，谓语是shot up，名词短语nearly 400 feet作状语；第二部分是现在分词结构flooding…and forcing…inland，作结果状语，coastal settlements是flooding的宾语，不定式to migrate是宾语补足语，inland是副词，作migrate的状语。

【知识链接】 sea level海平面；shoot up上升；force sb.to do强迫某人……

2.After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction，people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.

【参考译文】 这使得我们身边的许多动物濒临灭绝，人们被迫放弃了原有的生活方式，采取了全新的生存策略，结果导致大规模的饥荒和疾病。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（After driving many of the animals around them//to near extinction//），（people were forced to abandon their old way of life//for a radically new survival strategy//that resulted in widespread starvation and disease//）。第一部分是After引导的时间状语，around them是the animals的后定语，介词短语to near extinction是宾语them的补足语；第二部分是主干，主语是people，谓语是were forced，不定式to abandon…life是主语补足语，介词短语for…survival strategy作目的状语，分隔号内that引导的是survival strategy的定语从句，主语是that，谓语是resulted in，宾语是starvation and disease。

【知识链接】 way of life生活方式；survival strategy生存策略；result in导致

3.The adaptation was farming：the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.

【参考译文】 这种适应就是农业，1万多年前的全球变暖危机促进了农业的出现。

【结构分析】 冒号之前的句子是主系表结构，冒号之后的句子可以切分为：the global-warming crisis（that gave rise to it）happened（more than 10,000 years ago）。括号外是主干，第一个括号内是crisis的定语从句，谓语是gave rise to，宾语it指代前面的farming；第三部分是时间状语。

【知识链接】 global-warming crisis全球变暖危机；give rise to sth.导致

4.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future，earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence.

【参考译文】 本周，环境保护专家在里约热内卢召开了讨论将来全球气候情况的会议，在关于气候如何变化和这些变化如何影响人类的生存方面，地球学家正处于根本转变中。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，As引导的时间状语从句可以切分为：As environmentalists convene（in Rio de Janeiro）（this week）（to ponder the global climate of the future），第一个括号内是地点状语，第二个括号内是时间状语，第三个括号内的不定式作目的状语；主句可以切分为：earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution（in understanding）（how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence），括号外是主干，in the midst of a revolution是表语；第一个括号内的介词短语是范围状语；第二个括号内是以and连接的两个并列从句：how…and how…，作understanding的宾语。

【知识链接】 Rio de Janeiro里约热内卢（巴西城市）；in the midst of在……之间

5.Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold，wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.

【参考译文】 强大的地质和天文力量结合在一起，使地球环境从热变冷，从潮湿变干燥，在几亿年的时间里周而复始，研究人员开始把这些组合成了一幅清晰的图画。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是Researchers have begun to piece together…an illuminating picture，主语是Researchers，谓语是have begun to piece together，宾语是an illuminating picture；forces之后的定语从句可以切分为：that have combined（to change the planet’s environment//from hot to cold，wet to dry and back again//over a time period//stretching back hundreds of millions of years//）。括号外是主干，括号内的不定式to change…作结果状语，from…and back again是change的范围状语，over…period是时间状语，现在分词结构stretching…years是period的后定语。

【知识链接】 piece together组合起来；combine to do联合起来……；hundreds of millions of数亿……

6.The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture，writing，cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages.

【参考译文】 宜人的全球环境在1万年前就已存在，在此期间，出现了农业、文字、城市和其他文明特征，在历史上，这种宜人环境仅仅是更大的、广泛变化的气候模式中的一个亮点。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主干是：The benign global environment…is a mere bright spot；environment之后的that…existed是其定语从句，over the past 10,000 years是时间状语；破折号之间during which…是the past 10,000 years的定语从句，最后的in…ages是bright spot的后定语，over the ages是varying climate的后定语。

【知识链接】 bright spot亮点；over the ages历史上

7.In fact，the pattern or climate change in the past reveals that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.

【参考译文】 实际上，过去的气候变化模式揭示，即使没有人类活动的影响，未来地球气候也肯定会经历巨大的变化。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：（In fact，the pattern or climate change//in the past//reveals）（that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes//in the future//—even without the influence of human activity）。第一部分是主句的主谓结构，in the past是主语的后定语；第二部分是reveals的宾语从句，主语是Earth’s climate，谓语是will…go through，宾语是dramatic changes，in the future是时间状语，破折号之后是without引导的条件状语。

【知识链接】 go through经历；dramatic change剧烈变化；human activity人类活动

Passage 20

No woman can be too rich or too thin.This saying often attributed to the late Duchess（公爵夫人）of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times.Being thin is deemed as such a virtue.

The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it.I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes.Consequently，I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life.Being rich wouldn’t be bad either，but that won’t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land，leaving me millions of dollars.

Where did we go off the track？When did eating butter become a sin，and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing，if not repellent？All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins.However，until quite recently，most people had a problem getting enough to eat.In some religious groups，wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals，and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.

Today the opposite is true.We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue.The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.

Our obsession（迷恋）with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before，and that，in many cases，being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease.These diseases，however，may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight.And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem.

The real concern，then，is not that we weigh too much，but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well.Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health.A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases.We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight.Simply being thin is not enough.It is actually hazardous if those who get（or already are）thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style.Thinness can be pure vainglory（虚荣）.

1.In the eyes of the author，an odd phenomenon nowadays is that______.

A.the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtue

B.looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortune

C.being thin is viewed as a much desired quality

D.religious people are not necessarily virtuous

2.Swept by the prevailing trend，the author______.

A.had to go on a diet for the greater part of her life

B.could still prevent herself from going off the track

C.had to seek help from rich distant relatives

D.had to wear highly fashionable clothes

3.In human history，people’s views on body weight______.

A.were closely related to their religious beliefs

B.changed from time to time

C.varied between the poor and the rich

D.led to different moral standards

4.The author criticizes women’s obsession with thinness______.

A.from an economic and educational perspective

B.from sociological and medical points of view

C.from a historical and religious standpoint

D.in the light of moral principles

5.What’s the author’s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness？

A.They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.

B.They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.

C.They should gain weight to look healthy.

D.They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.

参考译文

没有女人嫌钱多，也没有女人嫌瘦。这句话经常被认为是已故的温莎公爵夫人说的，却包含了我们这个时代的奇特精神。瘦被看做是一种美德。

这种观点的问题在于一些人实际上就想这么生活下去。我自己就曾幻想穿上又窄又瘦的时装。结果，我有了生活中的一段很好的或者可以说是很糟糕的节食时间。有钱也不会是坏事，但这种事只有在这种情况下才会发生：在某个遥远的国度一个不知名的亲戚突然死了，给我留下了数百万美元的遗产。

我们在什么地方背离了生活常规呢？什么时候吃黄油有了一种负罪感？稍稍多长了一点肉虽不令人讨厌，却没有吸引力了呢？某些宗教有特定的日子，在此期间人们要禁食，暴食是基督教七大罪恶之一。但直到现在，大多数人还无法填饱肚子。在有些宗教中，财富是可以拯救灵魂和高尚道德的象征，胖是财富和康乐的标志。

今天恰好相反。我们转而又以苗条为审美的新标准。导致的结果是肥胖，或者只是体重稍稍偏重就是坏事，因为这暗示缺乏道德意志。

对健康的关心也使我们更加迷恋苗条。的确，在我们国家，体重超标的人比以前更多了，许多情况下，肥胖会增加心血管疾病的危险。但是这些疾病既同超重有关，也与我们的生活方式及高脂肪饮食相关。消化系统癌症的危险可能更多的是因为饮食问题而不是体重问题：脂肪太多，缺乏纤维。

那么，真正应该关心的不是我们的体重太重，而是我们锻炼得不够或者饮食不科学。锻炼对强壮的体格、健康的心肺都是必要的。脂肪不多的均衡饮食也能减少许多疾病。我们肯定不应过分注重体重，仅仅瘦是不够的。如果那些正在变瘦或者已经变瘦的人认为自己很健康，因而不注意生活方式，实际上是很危险的。（这种情况下）瘦可以说是纯粹的虚荣。

解题之路

1.选C 。事实细节题。第一段第二句话中的“odd spirit”指的就是下面的一句话“Being thin is deemed as such a virtue”。选项C中的viewed与句中的deemed均指thought之意；desired quality恰恰就是virtue的解释。

2.选A 。事实细节题。I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes.Consequently，I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life.意思是我自己就曾幻想穿上又窄又瘦的时装。结果，我有了生活中的一段很好的或者可以说是很糟糕的节食时间。作者的意思是自己也不能免于俗套，为了穿显得很瘦的时装，一直在节食。选项B的意思与原文相矛盾；C选项信息与题干不符；D项在本文中没有涉及。

3.选A 。题干的意思是人类历史上人们的体重观。可在文章的第三段定位，从定位信息中我们可以看出，在人类历史上人们对体重的观点曾与宗教紧密联系在一起，比如说暴食是基督教七大罪恶之一，在有些宗教中，胖是财富和健康的标志。B、C、D三项的内容在文中均无涉及。

4.选B 。题干大意是：作者如何批评妇女对瘦的着迷。纵观全文，我们可以看出作者从医学和社会历史道德观两个角度批评当代所谓的奇特的精神。因此答案为B。

5.选A 。主旨大意+逻辑推断题。本文的主题直到结尾部分才提出来，前面所有的论述都是为了引出这一结论（倒数第二句话）。尽管通篇都没有出现advice或advise，但此句中作者用了if句型来表达隐含的建议。

词汇精解

saying　n.说法，谚语

Duchess　n.女公爵，公爵夫人

embody　vt.表达，包含，体现

odd　adj.奇数的，单数的，奇特的

unknown　adj.不知名的，未知的

relative　n.亲戚，关系词，相关物

distant　adj.遥远的，疏远的，间隔的

butter　n.黄油，牛油

sin　n.过错，罪过，罪恶

extra　adj.特大的，特佳的，额外的

flesh　n.（供食用的）兽肉，肉体，人体

unappealing　adj.不能打动人的，毫无魅力的

repellent　adj.排斥的，令人反感的

religion　n.宗教，信仰

excessive　adj.过分的，额外的，过量的

Christianity　n.基督教

deadly　adj.死一般的，致命的，严重的

overweight　adj.超重的，过重的

risk　n.冒险，风险

vessel　n.船，容器，脉管，导管

associated　adj.联合的，关联的，相关的

cancer　n.癌症，毒瘤

dietary　adj.饭食的，饮食的

fat　n.肥肉，脂肪

fiber　n.纤维

concern　n.（利害）关系，关注

exercise　vi.训练，锻炼

hazardous　adj.碰运气的，冒险的，危险的

automatically　adv.机械地，自动地

healthy　adj.健康的，健壮的，有益于健康的

overall　adj.全面的，全部的，整体的

难句解析

1.This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times.

【参考译文】 这句话经常被认为是已故的温莎公爵夫人说的，却包含了我们这个时代的奇特精神。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：This saying（often attributed to the late Duchess of Win-dsor）embodies much of the odd spirit of our times。括号外是主干，主语是This saying，谓语是embodies，宾语是much，of the odd spirit是much的后定语，of our times是spirit的后定语；括号内的过去分词attributed是saying的后定语，介词短语to…Windsor是方向状语。

【知识链接】 attribute to…将……归于……；Windsor温莎（英国地名）

2.Being rich wouldn’t be bad either，but that won’t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land，leaving me millions of dollars.

【参考译文】 有钱也不会是坏事，但这种事只有在这种情况下才会发生：在某个遥远的国度一个不知名的亲戚突然死了，给我留下了数百万美元的遗产。

【结构分析】 这是由but连接的两个并列句，第一个句子比较简单，主语是动名词短语Being rich，谓语是wouldn’t be，表语是bad；第二个句子相对复杂，可以切分为：（but that won’t happen）（unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land），（leaving me millions of dollars）。第一部分是主干，主语that指代前面的一句话；第二部分是unless引导的条件状语从句，in some distant land是地点状语；第三部分的现在分词leaving引导结果状语，me和millions of dollars分别是leaving的间接和直接宾语。

【知识链接】 distant land遥远的地方；leaving sb.sth.留给某人……

3.When did eating butter become a sin，and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing，if not repellent？

【参考译文】 什么时候吃黄油有了一种负罪感？稍稍多长了一点肉虽不令人讨厌，却没有吸引力了呢？

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（When did eating butter become a sin），（and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing），（if not repellent？）。第一部分、第二部分是主干，由and连接的两个句子组成，第一个句子的主语是动名词短语eating butter；第二个句子的主语是a little bit of extra flesh，谓语是承前省略的become，表语是unappealing；第三部分是条件状语从句，也出现了省略现象，主语是前面的a little bit of extra flesh，谓语是is；一般而言，如果条件状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略。

【知识链接】 a little bit of一点……

4.All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins.

【参考译文】 某些宗教有特定的日子，在此期间人们要禁食，暴食是基督教七大罪恶之一。

【结构分析】 这个句子可以切分为：（All religions have certain days）（when people refrain from eating）（and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins）。第一、三部分是由and连接的并列句；第二部分when引导的从句是第一部分中days的定语，其中的refrain from是固定搭配。

【知识链接】 refrain from远离……；seven sins（宗教）七宗罪

5.It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before，and that，in many cases，being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease.

【参考译文】 的确，在我们国家，体重超标的人比以前更多了，许多情况下，肥胖会增加心血管疾病的危险。

【结构分析】 这是一个形式主语句，主语it指代后面的从句that…and…that…，第二个that引导的从句的主语是动名词短语being overweight，谓语是correlates with，宾语是an increased risk，in many cases是范围状语。

【知识链接】 it is true that…尽管……；in many cases许多情况下；correlate with…与……有关

6.And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem.

【参考译文】 消化系统癌症的危险可能更多的是因为饮食问题而不是体重问题：脂肪太多，缺乏纤维。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主语是the associated risk，谓语是may be，表语是more of a dietary problem，than a weight problem是比较状语，破折号之间的名词短语too much fat and a lack of fiber是dietary problem的同位语。

【知识链接】 digestive system消化系统；dietary problem饮食问题

7.The real concern，then，is not that we weigh too much，but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well.

【参考译文】 那么，真正应该关心的不是我们的体重太重，而是我们锻炼得不够或者饮食不科学。

【结构分析】 这个句子的主语是The real concern，谓语是is not，表语是that…but that…，其中but之后的that从句中出现了neither…nor并列结构。

【知识链接】 not…but…不是……而是……；neither…nor…既不……也不……

8.It is actually hazardous if those who get（or already are）thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style.

【参考译文】 如果那些正在变瘦或者已经变瘦的人认为自己很健康，因而不注意生活方式，实际上是很危险的。

【结构分析】 这是一个主从复合句，主句是主系表结构：It is actually hazardous，主语It指代if之后的所有内容；if引导的条件状语从句也是一个主从复合句，可以切分为：if those（who get（or already are）thin）think（they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style）。括号外是主干结构，即those…think…，第一个括号内who引导的是those的定语从句，第二个括号内是think的宾语从句，由and连接的两个句子组成。

【知识链接】 be free from…远离……；pay attention to关注……；life-style生活方式 VBrK3zCf4eSreTGXI3oYWzpQH1hZsiQusOKOd0X2HUlt20mjEMH0BcSmlmKSUA3C