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Application software might be described as end-user software. Application software performs useful work on general-purpose tasks such as word processing and cost estimating. There are certain general-purpose programs that are widely used in nearly all career areas. They are word processing, electronic spreadsheets, graphic programs and so on. They are also called basic tools and have some common features.
Insert Point The insert point or cursor shows you where you can enter data next. Typically, it is a blinking vertical bar on the screen. You can move it around using a mouse or the directional arrow keys on many keyboards.
Menus Almost all software packages have menus. Typically, the menus are displayed in a menu bar at the top of the screen. When one of these is selected, a pull-down menu appears. This is a list of commands associated with the selected menu.
Help For most applications, one of the menus on the menu bar is Help. When selected, the Help options appear. [1] These options typically include a table of contents, a search feature to locate reference information about specific commands, and central options to move around.
Button Bars Button bars typically are below the menu bar. They contain icons or graphic representations for commonly used commands. This offers the user a graphic approach to selecting commands. [2] It is an example of a graphic user interface in which graphic objects rather than menus can be used to select commands.
Dialog Box Dialog boxes frequently appear after selecting a command from a pull-down menu. These boxes are used to specify additional command options.
Scroll Bars Scroll bars are usually located on the right and/or the bottom of the screen. They enable you to display additional information not currently visible on the screen.
WYSIWYG Pronounced "wizzy-wig", WYSIWYG stands for "What You See Is What You Get". This means that the image on the screen display looks the same as the final printed document. Application programs without WYSIWYG cannot always display an exact representation of the final printed document. The WYSIWYG feature allows the user to preview the document's appearance before it is printed out.
Function Keys Function keys are labeled F1, F2 and so on. These keys are positioned along the left side or along the top of the keyboard. They are used for commands or tasks that are performed frequently, such as underlining. These keys do different things in different software packages.
Now let's introduce respectively the most common used application software: word processing and spreadsheets.
Word processing software is used to create, edit, save, and print documents. Documents can be any kind of text material. With word processing, you view the words you type on a monitor instead of on a piece of paper. After you finish your typing, save your words on diskettes or hard disk, and print the results on paper.
The beauty of this method is that you can make changes or corrections—before printing out the document. Even after your document is printed out, you can easily go back and make changes You can then print it out again. Want to change a report from double spaced to single spaced? Alter the width of the margins on the left and right? Delete some paragraphs and add some others from yet another document? A word processor allows you to do all of them with ease. Indeed, deleting, inserting, and replacing—the principal correcting activities—can be done just by pressing keys on the keyboard. Popular word processing software are Word, WPS and so on. They have some common features.
Word Wrap and the Enter Key One basic word processing feature is word wrap. When you finish a line, a word processor decides for you and automatically moves the insertion point to the next lines. To begin a new paragraph or leave a blank line, you press the Enter key.
Search and Replace A search or find command allows you to locate any character, word, or phrase in your document. When you search, the insertion point moves to the first place the item appears. If you want, the program will continue to search for all other locations where the item appears. The replace command automatically replaces the word you search for with another word. The search and replace commands are useful for finding and fixing errors.
Cut, Copy, and Paste With a word processor, you select the portion of text to be moved by highlighting it. Using either the menu or button bar, choose the command to cut the selected text. The selected text disappears from your screen. Then move the insertion point to the new location and choose the paste command to reinsert the text into the document. In a similar manner, you can copy selected portions of text from one location to another.
Spreadsheet A spreadsheet is an electronic worksheet used to organize and manipulate numbers and display options for analysis. Spreadsheets are used by financial analysts, accountants, contractors, and others concerned with manipulating numeric data. Spreadsheets allow you to try out various "what-if" kinds of possibilities. That is a powerful feature. You can manipulate numbers by using stored formulas and calculate different outcomes.
A spreadsheet has several parts. The worksheet area of the spreadsheet has letters for column headings across the top. It also has numbers for row headings down the left side. The intersection of a column and row is called a cell. The cell holds a single unit of information. The position of a cell is called the cell address. For example, "A1" is the cell address of the first position on a spreadsheet, the topmost and leftmost position. A cell pointer—also known as the cell selector—indicates where data is to be entered or changed in the spreadsheet. The cell pointer can be moved around in much the same way that you move the insertion pointer in a word processing program. Excel is the most common spreadsheet software. It has some common features of spreadsheet programs.
Format Label is often used to identify information in a worksheet, it is usually a word or symbol. A number in cell is called a value. Labels and values can be displayed or formatted in different ways. A label can be centered in the cell or positioned to the left or right. A value can be displayed to show decimal places, dollars or percent. The number of decimal positions can be altered, and the width of columns can be changed.
Formulas One of the benefits of spreadsheets is that you can manipulate data through the use of formulas. Formulas are instructions for calculations. They make connections between numbers in particular cells.
Functions Functions are built-in formulas that perform calculations automatically.
Recalculation Recalculation or what-if analysis is one of the most important features of spreadsheets. If you change one or more numbers in your spreadsheet, all related formulas will recalculate automatically. Thus you can substitute one value for another in the cells affected by your formula and recalculate the results. For more complex problems, recalculation enables you to store long, complicated formulas and many changing values and quickly produce alternatives.
Words
| accountant | n. | 会计员（出纳员） |
| approach | n. | 方法，手段 |
| associate | v. | 联合，联系，联想 |
| blink | v. | 闪烁 |
| built-in | adj. | 内置的，固定的 |
| n. | 内置 | |
| contractor | n. | 订约人，承包者，收敛部分，压力机 |
| decimal | adj. | 十进的 |
| end-user | n. | 最终用户 |
| general-purpose | adj. | 通用的 |
| graphic | adj. | 图形的 |
| highlight | v. | 使突出 |
| intersection | n. | 相交 |
| manipulate | v． | 操作 |
| margin | n. | 页边空白 |
| outcome | n. | 结果，成果 |
| package | n. | 程序包，数据包 |
| reference | n. | 参考，引用 |
| respectively | adv. | 各自地，分别地 |
| spreadsheet | n. | 电子表格，电子数据表，伸展表 |
| underline | v. | 在……下面画线 |
| vertical | adj. | 垂直（并排）的，纵向的 |
| wrap | v. | 换行 |
Phrases
| pull-down menu | 下拉菜单 |
| software package | 软件包 |
Abbreviations
| WPS (Word Processing System) | 字处理系统 |
| WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) | 所见即所得 |
Notes
[1] 例句：These options typically include a table of contents, a search feature to locate reference information about specific commands, and central options to move around.
分析：句中about specific commands是介词短语作定语修饰reference information, to move around是动词不定式作定语修饰options.
译文：帮助选项一般包含目录、查找有关特殊命令的说明信息的搜索功能和可以到处移动的集中选项。
[2] 例句：It is an example of a graphic user interface in which graphic objects rather than menus can be used to select commands.
分析：句中rather than的意思是“而不是”。
译文：工具栏就是图形用户界面的一个例子，在工具栏中通过图标而不是菜单来执行命令。
Exercises
Ⅰ. Put "true" or "false" in the brackets for the following statements according to the passage.
1. ( ) Application software includes some general-purpose programs that are widely used in nearly all career areas and some specialized programs that are used in special fields.
2. ( ) The insertion point or cursor indicates where you may enter data next.
3. ( ) Button bars and menus are all methods for users to pick up.
4. ( ) With WISYWIG, users can obtain representation of the exactly final results they want.
5. ( ) Function keys do the same things in different software programs.
6. ( ) Word wrap is a feature common to spreadsheet.
7. ( ) A cell in spreadsheet can hold several units of information.
8. ( ) Users can make connections among numbers in some cells through formulas.
9. ( ) Recalculation makes related formulas alter easily in a spreadsheet when one number in a cell is changed.
10. ( ) Spreadsheet programs are typically used to store and retrieve records quickly.
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks according to the passage.
1. The insert point orshows you where you can enter data next.
2. menu is a list of commands associated with a selected menu.
3. Button bars typically are below the menu bar and containorrepresentations for commonly used commands.
4. Thefeature allows the user to preview the document's appearance before it is printed out.
5. The search and replace commands are useful foranderrors.
6. The intersection of a column and row in a spreadsheet is called a.
7. are instructions for calculations.
8. The worksheet area of the spreadsheet has letters for column.
9. enable you to display additional information not currently visible on the screen.
10. A search or find command allows you to locate any, , orin your document.
Ⅲ. Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese.
1. general-purpose
2. electronic spreadsheets
3. button bars
4. word wrap
5. pull-down menu
6. manipulate
7. recalculation
8. margin
9. text material
10. paste command
A software engineer researches, designs and develops software systems to meet with clients' requirements. Once the system had been fully designed, software engineers then test, debug, and maintain the systems.
The software engineer job encompasses a fairly wide range of responsibilities. Smaller applications and system may employ just a few software engineers to manage the full lifecycle software development process. Generally, for most large scale applications, jobs are broken down into groups that focus on one area of the software lifecycle or just a specific area of the application or technology. For example, one system may employ a Software Architect, Design Engineer, Java Developer and Quality Assurance Engineer.
In today's market, jobs involving web services have become more common. Object oriented analysis and design have been common requirements for most business application design. Many of the responsibilities listed below are vague and general, focusing more on software engineering in a corporate setting. This does not encompass every possible software engineering responsibility and there are other specialized software engineering positions such as embedded software engineers.
Software engineers are sometimes referred to as computer programmers or software developers. Depending on the type of organization, software engineers can become specialists in either systems or applications.
Common Job Responsibilities for Software Engineer are as follows:
1. Full lifecycle application development;
2. Designing, coding and debugging applications in various software languages;
3. Software analysis, code analysis, requirements analysis, software review, identification of code metrics, system risk analysis, software reliability analysis;
4. Object-oriented Design and Analysis (OOA and OOD);
5. Software modeling and simulation;
6. Front end graphical user interface design;
7. Software testing and quality assurance;
8. Performance tuning, improvement, balancing, usability, automation;
9. Support, maintain and document software functionality;
10. Integrate software with existing systems;
11. Evaluate and identify new technologies for implementation;
12. Project Planning and Project Management;
13. Maintain standards compliance;
14. Implement localization or globalization of software.
Common IT Hardware, Software and Systems Knowledge are as follows.
C, C++, Java, .NET, Python, BEA WebLogic, WebSphere, J2EE, JBoss, ADO, Perl, HTML, JSP, JavaScript, Web services, SOAP, XML, ASP, JSP, PHP, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, UNIX, Linux, STL, XSLT, OWL, AJAX.
Words
| architect | n. | 建筑师 |
| assurance | n. | 确信，断言，保证，担保 |
| compliance | n. | 依从，顺从 |
| encompass | v. | 包围，环绕，包含或包括某事物 |
| fairly | adv. | 公正地，正当地，相当地，清楚地 |
| focus | n. | 中心，焦点，焦距 |
| v. | 聚焦，注视，调焦，集中 | |
| identification | n. | 辨认，鉴定 |
| implement | n. | 工具，器具 |
| v. | 贯彻，实现 | |
| lifecycle | n. | 生命周期，生活周期 |
| metric | adj. | 米制的，公制的 |
| n. | 度量衡量标准 | |
| organization | n. | 组织，机构，团体 |
| responsibility | n. | 责任，职责 |
| simulation | n. | 仿真，假装，模拟 |
| tune | n. | 曲调，和谐，合调 |
| v. | 调音，调整 | |
| vague | adj. | 含糊的，茫然的 |
Phrases
| break down | 分解 |
| graphical user interface | 图形用户界面 |
| Software Engineer | 软件工程师 |
应用软件可被描述为最终用户软件。应用软件完成有用的通用任务，例如字处理和价格评估。有些应用软件是被广泛用于几乎所有行业领域的通用程序，例如字处理、电子表格和图像程序等。它们也被称为基本工具，并且具有一些共同的特性。
插入点 插入点或光标显示标示着用户接下来可以输入数据的地方。一般来说，它是屏幕上闪动的竖直条。用户可以使用鼠标或键盘上的方向键移动它。
菜单 几乎所有的软件都有菜单。一般地，菜单显示在屏幕顶部的菜单栏中。选中其中一个菜单时，就会出现下拉式菜单，其中包括和所选菜单相关的一列命令。
帮助 对于大多数应用程序，菜单栏中都有一个“帮助”菜单。选中该菜单时，帮助选项出现。帮助选项一般包含目录、查找有关特殊命令的说明信息的搜索功能和可以到处移动的集中选项。
工具栏 工具栏一般位于菜单栏的下面。它们包含图标或普通命令的图像表示符。这就使得用户可以通过图像符号来选择命令。工具栏就是图形用户界面的一个例子，在工具栏中通过图标而不是菜单来执行命令。
对话框 通常在下拉式菜单中选择了一个命令之后就会出现对话框。这些对话框用来说明附加的命令选项。
滚动条 滚动条通常位于屏幕的右边或底部。它们通常能够用来帮助显示在当前屏幕上看不到的附加信息。
WYSIWYG 发“wizzy-wig”音，WYSIWYG代表“所见即所得”，意即在屏幕上显示的图像和最终打印出来的文档是一样的。没有WYSIWYG的应用程序不能显示最终打印文档的精确表示。WYSIWYG特性允许用户在打印文档之前预览文档的全貌。
功能键 功能键被标为F1、F2等，这些键位于键盘的左边或顶部。它们用于需经常完成的命令或任务，比如加下画线。这些键在不同的软件包内完成不同的任务。
接下来介绍最常使用的应用软件：字处理和电子表格。
字处理软件被用于建立、编辑、保存和打印文档。文档可以是任何类型的文本材料。使用字处理软件，可以在显示器浏览所输入的文字而不用打印在纸上。输入完毕后，可以将文字存放在软盘或硬盘上，并且可以将结果打印在纸上。
这种方式的精美之处在于用户在打印文档之前可以修改文档，即使文档已打印出来，也可以很容易地返回去进行修改，然后再打印出来。想把一个报告的行距从双倍改成单倍吗？想改变左右边距的宽度吗？想删除一些段落并插入其他文档的一些段落吗？字处理可以很容易地帮你完成这些事情。事实上，删除、插入和替换这几种基本的修改任务只要按键盘上的键就可以完成。目前流行的字处理软件有Word、WPS等，它们具有一些共同的特性。
字换行和Enter键 字处理的一个基本特点是换行。当完成一行时，字处理器就会决定并且自动将插入点移动到下一行。若要开始一个新段或空一段，可以按Enter键。
查找和替换 查找命令允许在文档中寻找任何字符、词汇或短语。查找时，插入点就会移动到所查项目首次出现的位置。如果需要，程序会继续寻找所查项目出现的所有地方。替换命令会自动用另外的字来替换所搜寻的那个字。寻找和替换命令对于发现和修改错误是非常有用的。
剪切、复制和粘贴 使用字处理，可以高亮显示并选择要移动的文本部分。通过菜单或工具栏，选择命令来剪切所选的文本，这样所选择的文本就会在屏幕上消失。然后移动插入点到新的位置，选择粘贴命令，即可把剪切的内容重新插入到文本中。用类似的方法，可以复制选中的文本到另外一个地方。
电子表格 电子表格是用于组织和管理数字并且显示选项以供分析的电子工作表，常由金融分析师、会计师、项目承包人以及其他和操纵数字数据有关的人员来使用。电子表格允许用户尝试各种可能的假设分析，这一特性很有用。可以通过使用存储的公式处理数字，并且计算出不同的结果。
电子表格具有几个部分，工作表区域的顶部有表示列标的字母，左边有表示行标的数字。行和列的交点被称为单元格。单元格存有单一的信息。单元格所在的位置被称为是单元格地址。例如，“A1”就是电子表格的首位置，即最顶部和最左边的位置。单元格指针（也被称为选择器）指示在表格中输入及修改数据的位置。单元格指针可以到处移动，其移动方式类似于在字处理程序中移动插入点的方式。Excel是最常见的电子表格软件，它具有一些电子表格程序共同的特性。
格式 标号往往用于标记工作表中的信息，通常是一个字或一个符号。单元格中的数字被称为是值。标号和值可以用不同的方式显示和格式化。标号可以在单元格内居中或居左、居右。值可被显示小数的位置、美元或百分数。我们可以改变小数位数，也可以改变列的宽度。
公式 电子表格的优点之一是可以通过使用公式来处理数据。公式是计算的指令，它们能使独立单元格内的数字之间建立联系。
函数 函数是自动完成计算的内部公式。
重新计算 重新计算或“what-if”分析是电子表格最重要的特性之一。如果改变了表格中的一个或多个数字，所有相关的公式将会自动地重新计算。这样就可以替换由公式改变的单元格内的值，并且重新计算结果。对于较复杂的问题，重新计算让用户能够存储长的、复杂的公式和许多改变的值，并且被很快地替换掉。
软件工程师研究、设计和开发软件系统，以满足客户需求。系统开发完成后，软件工程师要测试、调试和维护系统。
软件工程师工作涵盖了相当广泛的责任范围。规模较小的应用和系统可雇用几个软件工程师来管理全生命周期的软件开发过程。一般来说，在多数大规模的应用中，把工作分成几个小组，每个小组侧重于软件生命周期的某一阶段或只是应用或技术的某一领域。例如，开发一个系统可能需要雇用软件设计师、设计工程师、Java开发员和质量保证工程师。
在今天的市场上，与网络服务相关的工作变得更加常见。面向对象分析和设计已成为大多数企业设计应用程序的常见要求。下面列出的许多职责是不具体的，它们更注重企业设置中的软件工程。这并不包括一切可能的软件工程的责任，还有其他一些专门的软件工程的职位，如嵌入式软件工程师。
软件工程师，有时被称为计算机程序员或软件开发员。根据组织类型的不同，软件工程师可能成为系统软件或应用软件专家。
软件工程师的一般工作职责如下：
1．全生命周期的应用程序开发；
2．用各种软件语言设计、编写和调试应用程序；
3．软件分析，代码分析，需求分析，软件审查，确定代码标准，系统风险分析，软件可靠性分析；
4．面向对象的设计与分析（面向对象分析OOA和面向对象设计OOD）；
5．软件建模与仿真；
6．前端图形用户界面设计；
7．软件测试和质量保证；
8．性能调整、改善、平衡、可用性、自动化；
9．支持、维护软件并为软件编写文档的功能；
10．将软件与现有系统集成；
11．评估和确定新的实施技术；
12．项目规划和项目管理；
13．维持标准的遵守；
14．实现软件的本地化或全球化。
通用的IT硬件、软件和系统知识如下。
C, C++, Java, .NET, Python, BEA WebLogic, WebSphere, J2EE, JBoss, ADO, Perl, HTML, JSP, JavaScript, Web services, SOAP, XML, ASP, JSP, PHP, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, UNIX, Linux, STL, XSLT, OWL, AJAX。