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Tourism culture is a new term emerged not long ago with the quick development of the tourism industry around the world at the turn of the century. Although cultures clash and diffuse all the time, peoples of tourism destinations in today's world have been trying to make their own cultures welcome to alien tourists out of economic considerations. Some adjustments in values or behaviors may be found in those cultures towards better serving the visitors, preserving the local traditions, cooperating with others, or conserving the environment for a sustainable tourism economy. Such clearly defined efforts advance those cultures based on plans, making their courses unavoidably different from that identified as natural by anthropologists. This type of designed culture may be called tourism culture.
Culture is a buzz word in our life, though few of us can state clearly what it is with a few words. There must be some connection and difference between culture and tourism culture. In order to establish a clear understanding of tourism culture, we must first digest the concept of culture.
Culture
The term CULTURE was derived from the Latin word for cultivation, as in the practice of nurturing domesticated plants. Thus, it originally referred to people's role in controlling nature. Its tangible elements are often recognized first, such as language, clothing, food and drink, social structures, behavioral routines, religious traditions, arts, technologies, and geography that circumstances what people can have from the nature.
Culture is also abstract. Philosophically, culture is a basic belief system from which "rational" conclusions spring to orient behavior. This belief system is extremely powerful because it can regulate human endeavors and change a society. We dress ourselves based on our aesthetic ideas. We handle human relations oriented by what we believe is right, ethical, or the most appropriate, which are called values. Any society has some sort of political, economic, and educational systems that are tangible products of the belief system dominating the culture of that society.
In anthropology, culture means the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. It distinguishes one human group from the others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals because only human beings can create and possess culture. Any group of people who share a common culture, particularly common rules of behavior and a basic form of social organization, constitutes a human society.
Cultures take diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in the uniqueness and plurality of group-society identities of humankind which are conditioned by environments. As a source of curiosity, exchange, innovation, and creativity, cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. At the same time, it is a source of misunderstanding and collision between peoples of different cultural backgrounds. Nevertheless, the common heritage of humanity across racial and ethnic groups makes it possible for human beings to communicate across cultural boundaries.
Peoples from different cultures have been seeking communication and exchange of goods and technologies with each other, which has caused cultural diffusion and culture change. Tourism is one of the most popular activities human beings like to do in order to have novel, joyful, comforting, or insightful experiences in other cultures that are distant away. As a consequence, it has long become a profit-making business to attract, entertain, and accommodate strangers from afar. It entails studies on not only leisure and entertainment but also tourism management and tourism culture with hope that a sustainable tourism economy will be maintained.
Tourism and Tourism Culture
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for longer than one day but shorter than one year for any activity. They spend instead of being remunerated from within the place visited, and thus contribute to the local economy.
Tourism business has become vital for the economy in many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Thailand, and many island nations, including the Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, the Philippines, and the Seychelles. The highly developed Western countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Austria, and the newly industrialized or rapidly developing countries such as Singapore, South Korea, and China are working hard to develop their tourism industry as an indispensable part of their economies.
Because much of the revenue is from businesses associated with tourism, many countries adjust, even reconstruct, their service industries, such as transportation services, hospitality services, and entertainment venues, to meet a variety of needs. The governments and the communities design and adjust their ways of working and living accordingly. Such effort results in planned changes in the local cultures of tourism destinations. Such changes become societal routines in a long run, bilaterally beneficial for the tourists and the host communities. Thus comes the shaping of tourism culture.
Cultures like the Chinese, the Japanese, the British, and the Mexican ones are shaped long ago. Their developments are gradual and liberal under the influences of environmental factors and various socio-economic and technological dynamics in different times. Considering the full aspects of such cultures, they are not planned, designed, or arranged by people. Their natural courses of development are very long, usually taking thousands of years.
In comparison, tourism culture is a product of careful planning and cultivation in a short period of time. The whole society, including the people and the government, are conscientiously engaged in the endeavor. Tourism culture may be viewed as a more advanced one that is designed and carefully developed with a sole purpose to entertain tourists for the sake of tourism economy. A tourism economy takes advantage of the unique natural and cultural resources of a given country or community for tourist recreation and entertainment for economic benefits.
There are four major characteristics associated with a tourism culture. First, the economic activities in the tourist destination are all oriented to support the tourism industry, and so are the local government and social activities. Second, the natural sceneries or attractions and places of historic figures and cultural heritages are presented in a way to meet tourists' needs for curiosity, beauty, heroism, adventure, religious worship, etc. Accordingly, all recreation and entertainment activities are organized toward that end. Third, people of the host community view tourism businesses and activities as the most important part in their socio-economic life and treat them as such. Fourth, tourists follow local tourism regulations conscientiously and participate in tourist activities that content them spiritually and physically.
Explanations of Possible Difficult Points
1．anthropology：人类学（对人类的研究，尤指研究其起源、发展、风俗、信仰）
2．recreation：娱乐，游憩，玩耍
3．natural scenery or attraction：自然景观
4．places of historic figures and cultural heritage：历史人文景观
5．host communities：接待游客的社区
Questions for Class Discussion
1．What is your understanding of culture?
2．What does tourism mean to you?
3．What are the major things that comprise the tourism industry?
4．What do you know about transportation services, hospitality services, and entertainment venues?
5．Have you ever traveled afar (e.g. 1,000 miles from home)? How do you feel about the culture there?
6．What are the activities to entertain tourists that you know and like?
7．What are your considerations about tourism culture? Do you agree or disagree with the author of this Unit? Why?
8．Have you found, or heard about, any place that possesses a tourism culture? If yes, describe it.
9．What is the major difference between culture and tourism culture?
Homework
1．From above Questions 3, 4, 6, 8, or 9, choose one and write a one-page report on it. You are encouraged to write in English.
2．Read the four articles in the Supplementary Readings of this Unit. Have one question for each, and get ready to lead a discussion on it.
Supplementary Readings
In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:
● Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country travelling only within this country.
● Inbound tourism, involving non-residents travelling in the given country.
● Outbound tourism, involving residents travelling in another country.
In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9％ as compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourist arrivals fell to 880 million, representing a worldwide decline of 4％ as compared to 2008. The region most affected was Europe with a 6％ decline.
The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited from 2006 to 2009 by the number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered the top-ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico, and in 2008, surpassed Germany. In 2008, the U.S. displaced Spain from the second place. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent, followed by a growing number of Asian countries.
In 2009, Malaysia made it into the top 10 most visited countries' list. Malaysia secured the ninth position, just below Turkey and Germany. In 2008, Malaysia was in 11th position. Both Turkey and Germany climbed one rank in arrivals, occupying seventh and eighth positions respectively, while France continued to lead the ranks in terms of tourist arrivals.
Top Ten Countries by Foreign Tourst Receipts, 2007 ©2009 "Ranking America" (http://rankingamerica.wordpress.com)
International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (€642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8％ from 2007. When the export value of international passenger transport receipts is accounted for, total receipts in 2008 reached a record of US$1.1 trillion, or over US$3 billion a day.
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2009. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues to be the top earner.
Leisure Travel. Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom—the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic—reflecting the dominance of English customers.
Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature often visited are: Bali in Indonesia, Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Malaysia, Mexico, the various Polynesian tropical islands, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, and Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico in the United States.
Winter Tourism. Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland), Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Argentina, Kenya, and Tanzania.
Mass Tourism. High rise hotels were built across Southern Europe in the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate mass tourism from Northern Europe. It becomes a world-wide phenomenon as is seen in Asia and South America today.
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.
In Continental Europe, early resorts included: Ostend, popularized by the people of Brussels; Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians; and Heiligendamm, founded in 1793, as the first seaside resort on the Baltic Sea.
Sustainable Tourism. Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems.
Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
Ecotourism. Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights.
Pro-Poor Tourism. The pro-poor tourism to help the very poorest in developing countries has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development, and the issue has been addressed through either small scale projects in local communities or Ministries of Tourism attempting to attract huge numbers of tourists. Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25％ or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain climbing in Tanzania or cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos.
Recession Tourism. Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau, recession tourism is defined by lowcost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.
Medical Tourism. When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism."
Educational Tourism. Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
Creative Tourism. Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travelers in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place.
More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy, and New Zealand.
Red and Dark Tourism. There are many travel destinations around the world which may be called "red" favorites. Among them are the Memorial Wall of Paris Commune in Paris, the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Yan-an and Mount Jinggangshan of China, and the Easter Rising Dublin.
One emerging area of special tourism has been identified as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites such as battlegrounds and scenes of horrific crimes or genocide. Auschwitz Concentration Camp and the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre are two of this kind. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity, or even creative entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.
Agritourism. Agritourism, as defined broadly, involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch. Agritourism has different definitions in different parts of the world, and sometimes refers specifically to farm stays, as in Italy. Elsewhere, Agritourism includes a wide variety of activities, including buying produce direct from a farm stand, navigating a corn maze, picking fruit, feeding animals, or staying at a bed-breakfast lodge on a farm.
Agritourism is a form of niche tourism that is considered a growth industry in many parts of the world, including Australia, Canada, the United States, and the Philippines. Agritourism overlaps with geotourism, ecotourism, and culinary tourism. Other terms associated with Agritourism are "agritainment," "value added products," "farm direct marketing," and "sustainable agriculture."
Food Tourism. Some people are now heading to distant lands in order to eat historic food or have a culinary adventure. Thus, food tourism comes into being. But how would someone decide where to go, and what to see? It's fairly simple, actually. Tourists should first decide which type of cuisine they would like to try. Start by figuring out which food they love the best and by doing a little research. Then, after the tourist arrives in the city, they should seek the advice of others. Ask the local cab driver or the hotel clerk where the best places are to eat. Don't think that you have to stick to gourmet restaurants. Sometimes the smaller restaurants that are on the side streets are the best places to try traditional cuisine.
To feed the world's gourmet lovers, food festivals are mushrooming from east to west. Beijing duck has long become a must on the tables to feed Western tourists to China, while French bakery is the favorite of many Asians to Paris. Salty mouldy beancurd is a specialty for some vegetarians. Raw, vinegar-and mustard-treated fish is considered healthful. People go to food festivals with friends and family members, enjoying it as part of life's essential.
Note: This document, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, was adopted by the resolution A/RES/406(XIII) at the thirteenth WTO General Assembly in Santiago, Chile, which was held on 27 September—1 October 1999. In order to be compatible with the format of the other Chapters in this book, the Preamble and the first two Articles are put in Part A of this Chapter, while the next three Articles comprise Part B. The rest Articles of this document are introduced in the Supplementary Readings of this Chapter.
Preamble
We, members of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), representatives of the world tourism industry, delegates of States, territories, enterprises, institutions and bodies that are gathered for the General Assembly at Santiago, Chile on this first day of October 1999, reasserting the aims set out in Article 3 of the Statutes of the World Tourism Organization, and aware of the "decisive and central" role of this Organization, as recognized by the General Assembly of the United Nations, in promoting and developing tourism with a view to contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace, prosperity and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, firmly believing that, through the direct, spontaneous and non-mediatized contacts it engenders between men and women of different cultures and lifestyles, tourism represents a vital force for peace and a factor of friendship and understanding among the peoples of the world.
Article 1: Tourism's contribution to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies
1．The understanding and promotion of the ethical values common to humanity, with an attitude of tolerance and respect for the diversity of religious, philosophical and moral beliefs, are both the foundation and the consequence of responsible tourism; stakeholders in tourism development and tourists themselves should observe the social and cultural traditions and practices of all peoples, including those of minorities and indigenous peoples and to recognize their worth;
2．Tourism activities should be conducted in harmony with the attributes and traditions of the host regions and countries and in respect for their laws, practices and customs;
3．The host communities, on the one hand, and local professionals, on the other, should acquaint themselves with and respect the tourists who visit them and find out about their lifestyles, tastes and expectations; the education and training imparted to professionals contribute to a hospitable welcome;
4．It is the task of the public authorities to provide protection for tourists and visitors and their belongings; they must pay particular attention to the safety of foreign tourists owing to the particular vulnerability they may have; they should facilitate the introduction of specific means of information, prevention, security, insurance and assistance consistent with their needs; any attacks, assaults, kidnappings or threats against tourists or workers in the tourism industry, as well as the willful destruction of tourism facilities or of elements of cultural or natural should be severely condemned and punished in accordance with their respective national laws;
5．When travelling, tourists and visitors should not commit any criminal act or any act considered criminal by the laws of the country visited and abstain from any conduct felt to be offensive or injurious by the local populations, or likely to damage the local environment; they should refrain from all trafficking in illicit drugs, arms, antiques, protected species and products and substances that are dangerous or prohibited by national regulations;
6．Tourists and visitors have the responsibility to acquaint themselves, even before their departure, with the characteristics of the countries they are preparing to visit; they must be aware of the health and security risks inherent in any travel outside their usual environment and behave in such a way as to minimize those risks;
Article 2: Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfillment
1．Tourism, the activity most frequently associated with rest and relaxation, sport and access to culture and nature, should be planned and practiced as a privileged means of individual and collective fulfillment; when practiced with a sufficiently open mind, it is an irreplaceable factor of self-education, mutual tolerance and for learning about the legitimate differences between peoples and cultures and their diversity;
2．Tourism activities should respect the equality of men and women; they should promote human rights and, more particularly, the individual rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples;
3．The exploitation of human beings in any form, particularly sexual, especially when applied to children, conflicts with the fundamental aims of tourism and is the negation of tourism; as such, in accordance with international law, it should be energetically combated with the cooperation of all the States concerned and penalized without concession by the national legislation of both the countries visited and the countries of the perpetrators of these acts, even when they are carried out abroad;
4．Travel for purposes of religion, health, education and cultural or linguistic exchanges are particularly beneficial forms of tourism, which deserve encouragement;
5．The introduction into curricula of education about the value of tourist exchanges, their economic, social and cultural benefits, and also their risks, should be encouraged;
Article 3: Tourism, a factor of sustainable development
1．All the stakeholders in tourism development should safeguard the natural environment with a view to achieving sound, continuous and sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitably the needs and aspirations of present and future generations;
2．All forms of tourism development that are conducive to saving rare and precious resources, in particular water and energy, as well as avoiding so far as possible waste production, should be given priority and encouraged by national, regional and local public authorities;
3．The staggering in time and space of tourist and visitor flows, particularly those resulting from paid leave and school holidays, and a more even distribution of holidays should be sought so as to reduce the pressure of tourism activity on the environment and enhance its beneficial impact on the tourism industry and the local economy;
4．Tourism infrastructure should be designed and tourism activities programmed in such a way as to protect the natural heritage composed of ecosystems and biodiversity and to preserve endangered species of wildlife; the stakeholders in tourism development, and especially professionals, should agree to the imposition of limitations or constraints on their activities when these are exercised in particularly sensitive areas: desert, polar or high mountain regions, coastal areas, tropical forests or wetlands, propitious to the creation of nature reserves or protected areas;
5．Nature tourism and ecotourism are recognized as being particularly conducive to enriching and enhancing the standing of tourism, provided they respect the natural heritage and local populations and are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the sites;
Article 4: Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and a contributor to its enhancement
1．Tourism resources belong to the common heritage of mankind; the communities in whose territories they are situated have particular rights and obligations to them;
2．Tourism policies and activities should be conducted with respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage, which they should protect and pass on to future generations; particular care should be devoted to preserving and upgrading monuments, shrines and museums as well as archaeological and historic sites which must be widely open to tourist visits; encouragement should be given to public access to privately-owned cultural property and monuments, with respect for the rights of their owners, as well as to religious buildings, without prejudice to normal needs of worship;
3．Financial resources derived from visits to cultural sites and monuments should, at least in part, be used for the upkeep, safeguard, development and embellishment of this heritage;
4．Tourism activity should be planned in such a way as to allow traditional cultural products, crafts and folklore to survive and flourish, rather than causing them to degenerate and become standardized;
Article 5: Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities
1．Local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them;
2．Tourism policies should be applied in such a way as to help to raise the standard of living of the populations of the regions visited and meet their needs; the planning and architectural approach to and operation of tourism resorts and accommodation should aim to integrate them, to the extent possible, in the local economic and social fabric; where skills are equal, priority should be given to local manpower;
3．Special attention should be paid to the specific problems of coastal area and island territories and to vulnerable rural or mountain regions, for which tourism often represents a rare opportunity for development in the face of the decline of traditional economic activities;
4．Tourism professionals, particularly investors, governed by the regulations laid down by the public authorities, should carry out studies of the impact of their development projects on the environment and natural surroundings; they should also deliver, with the greatest transparency and objectivity, information on their future programs and their foreseeable repercussions and foster dialogue on their contents with the populations concerned;
(The rest Articles will be continued in the Supplementary Readings.)
Explanations of Possible Difficult Points
1．code of ethics：（职业）道德规范
2．World Tourism Organization (WTO)：世界旅游组织，该组织是政府间的机构，成立于1975年，总部设在西班牙首都马德里。其前身为1947年成立的官方旅行组织国际联盟（UIOOT）。在联合国（UN）框架下，WTO进行国内和国际旅游的宣传和发展工作。
3．Preamble：（法令、文件等的）序文，前言
4．non-mediatized：非附属式的
5．host regions and countries：旅游目的地所属地区和国家
6．willful destruction of tourism facilities：肆意毁坏旅游设施
7．penalized without concession by the national legislation of both the countries visited and the countries of the perpetrators of these acts：按照旅游目的地国家和肇事者所属国家的法律惩罚，不作任何姑息迁就
8．sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitably the needs and aspirations of present and future generations：可持续经济增长旨在平等地满足当代和后代的需要及追求
9．tourism infrastructure：旅游基础设施
10．ecosystems and biodiversity：生态系统和生物多样化
11．the creation of nature reserves：自然保护区的设立
12．embellishment of this heritage：（某）遗产的修缮或修复
Questions for Class Discussion
1．What are the duties and functions of UNWTO?
2．When and where was Global Code of Ethics for Tourism issued by WTO?
3．What have you learned from reading the above passages?
4．What is your understanding of responsible tourism?
5．What are the possible safety concerns a tourist may have while traveling?
6．What are the things tourists must not do when travelling?
7．Why is tourism regarded as a privileged means of individual and collective fulfillment?
8．What are the beneficial forms of tourism from your perspective?
9．What are the things that must be given priority by public authorities in tourism development from your perspective?
10．What are the sensitive areas when tourism activities are conducted?
11．Who do you think have the right to own tourism resources?
12．How should the money from tourists be used to help the local poor?
Homework
1．Write a summary of Global Code of Ethics for Tourism.
2．Read the rest six Articles of the Code in the Supplementary Readings of this Unit. Have one question for each, and get ready to lead a discussion on it.
3．Find information of World Tourism Day in a certain country and share in class.
Supplementary Readings
Article 6: Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development
1．Tourism professionals have an obligation to provide tourists with objective and honest information on their places of destination and on the conditions of travel, hospitality and stays; they should ensure that the contractual-clauses proposed to their customers are readily understandable as to the nature, price and quality of the services they commit themselves to providing and the financial compensation payable by them in the event of a unilateral breach of contract on their part;
2．Tourism professionals, insofar as it depends on them, should show concern, in cooperation with the public authorities, for the security and safety, accident prevention, health protection and food safety of those who seek their services; likewise, they should ensure the existence of suitable systems of insurance and assistance; they should accept the reporting obligations prescribed by national regulations and pay fair compensation in the event of failure to observe their contractual obligations;
3．Tourism professionals, so far as this depends on them, should contribute to the cultural and spiritual fulfillment of tourists and allow them, during their travels, to practice their religions;
4．The public authorities of the generating States and the host countries, in cooperation with the professionals concerned and their associations, should ensure that the necessary mechanisms are in place for the repatriation of tourists in the event of the bankruptcy of the enterprise that organized their travel;
5．Governments have the right and the duty—especially in a crisis, to inform their nationals of the difficult circumstances, or even the dangers they may encounter during their travels abroad; it is their responsibility however to issue such information without prejudicing in an unjustified or exaggerated manner the tourism industry of the host countries and the interests of their own operators; the contents of travel advisories should therefore be discussed beforehand with the authorities of the host countries and the professionals concerned; recommendations formulated should be strictly proportionate to the gravity of the situations encountered and confined to the geographical areas where the insecurity has arisen; such advisories should be qualified or cancelled as soon as a return to normality permits;
6．The press, and particularly the specialized travel press and the other media, including modern means of electronic communication, should issue honest and balanced information on events and situations that could influence the flow of tourists; they should also provide accurate and reliable information to the consumers of tourism services; the new communication and electronic commerce technologies should also be developed and used for this purpose; as is the case for the media, they should not in any way promote sex tourism;
Article 7: Right to tourism
1．The prospect of direct and personal access to the discovery and enjoyment of the planet's resources constitutes a right equally open to all the world's inhabitants; the increasingly extensive participation in national and international tourism should be regarded as one of the best possible expressions of the sustained growth of free time, and obstacles should not be placed in its way;
2．The universal right to tourism must be regarded as the corollary of the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay, guaranteed by Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
3．Social tourism, and in particular associative tourism, which facilitates widespread access to leisure, travel, and holidays, should be developed with the support of the public authorities;
4．Family, youth, student and senior tourism and tourism for people with disabilities, should be encouraged and facilitated;
Article 8: Liberty of tourist movements
1．Tourists and visitors should benefit, in compliance with international law and national legislation, from the liberty to move within their countries and from one State to another, in accordance with Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; they should have access to places of transit and stay and to tourism and cultural sites without being subject to excessive formalities or discrimination;
2．Tourists and visitors should have access to all available forms of communication, internal or external; they should benefit from prompt and easy access to local administrative, legal and health services; they should be free to contact the consular representatives of their countries of origin in compliance with the diplomatic conventions in force;
3．Tourists and visitors should benefit from the same rights as the citizens of the country visited concerning the confidentiality of the personal data and information concerning them, especially when these are stored electronically;
4．Administrative procedures relating to border crossing whether they fall within the competence of States or result from international agreements, such as visas or health and customs formalities, should be adapted, so far as possible, so as to facilitate to the maximum freedom of travel and widespread access to international tourism; agreements between groups of countries to harmonize and simplify these procedures should be encouraged; specific taxes and levies penalizing the tourism industry and undermining its competitiveness should be gradually phased out or corrected;
5．So far as the economic situation of the countries from which they come permits, travelers should have access to allowances of convertible currencies needed for their travels;
Article 9: Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry
1．The fundamental rights of salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related activities, should be guaranteed under the supervision of the national and local administrations, both of their States of origin and of the host countries with particular care, given the specific constraints linked in particular to the seasonality of their activity, the global dimension of their industry and the flexibility often required of them by the nature of their work;
2．Salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related activities have the right and the duty to acquire appropriate initial and continuous training; they should be given adequate social protection; job insecurity should be limited so far as possible; and a specific status, with particular regard to their social welfare, should be offered to seasonal workers in the sector;
3．Any natural or legal person, provided he, she or it has the necessary abilities and skills, should be entitled to develop a professional activity in the field of tourism under existing national laws; entrepreneurs and investors especially in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises should be entitled to free access to the tourism sector with a minimum of legal or administrative restrictions;
4．Exchanges of experience offered to executives and workers, whether salaried or not, from different countries, contributes to foster the development of the world tourism industry; these movements should be facilitated so far as possible in compliance with the applicable national laws and international conventions;
5．As an irreplaceable factor of solidarity in the development and dynamic growth of international exchanges, multinational enterprises of the tourism industry should not exploit the dominant positions they sometimes occupy; they should avoid becoming the vehicles of cultural and social models artificially imposed on the host communities; in exchange for their freedom to invest and trade which should be fully recognized they should involve themselves in local development, avoiding, by the excessive repatriation of their profits or their induced imports, a reduction of their contribution to the economies in which they are established;
6．Partnership and the establishment of balanced relations between enterprises of generating and receiving countries contribute to the sustainable development of tourism and an equitable distribution of the benefits of its growth;
Article 10: Implementation of the principles of the global code of ethics for tourism
1．The public and private stakeholders in tourism development should cooperate in the implementation of these principles and monitor their effective application;
2．The stakeholders in tourism development should recognize the role of international institutions, among which the World Tourism Organization ranks first, and non-governmental organizations with competence in the field of tourism promotion and development, the protection of human rights, the environment or health, with due respect for the general principles of international law;
3．The same stakeholders should demonstrate their intention to refer any disputes concerning the application or interpretation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism for conciliation to an impartial third body known as the World Committee on Tourism Ethics.