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Australia's formal name is the Commonwealth of Australia. The form of government used in Australia is a constitutional monarchy – "constitutional" because the powers and procedures of the Australian Government are defined by a written constitution and "monarchy" because Australia's head of state is Queen Elizabeth II.
The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when six independent British colonies agreed to join together and become states of a new nation. The rules of government for this new nation were enshrined in the Australian Constitution, which defined how the Australian Government was to operate and what issues it could pass laws on. The Constitution created a "federal" system of government. Under a federal system, powers are divided between a central government and six individual states.
There are three "arms" of the Australian Government: The legislature (or parliament) is responsible for debating and voting on new laws to be introduced under the power of section 51.
The executive is responsible for enacting and upholding the laws established by the legislature. Certain members of the legislature (called ministers) are also members of the executive, with special responsibilities for certain areas of the law.
The judiciary is the legal arm of the Australian Government. It is independent of the other two arms, and is responsible for enforcing the laws and deciding whether the other two arms are acting within their powers.
Australia's system of government is founded in the liberal democratic tradition. Based on the values of religious tolerance, freedom of speech and association, and the rule of law, Australia's institutions and practices of government reflect British and North American models. At the same time, they are uniquely Australian.
Governments of states and territories are responsible for all matters not assigned to the Commonwealth, and they also adhere to the principles of responsible government. In the states, the Queen is represented by a Governor for each state.
澳大利亚全称澳大利亚联邦，其政府组织形式为君主立宪制——称之为“立宪制”是因为澳大利亚政府的权利与章程是由成文宪法规定的，而“君主制”则是因其国家元首为伊丽莎白女王二世。
1901年，6个独立的英属殖民地同意携手合作，成立一个新的民族国家，澳大利亚联邦由此诞生。新政府奉《澳大利亚宪法》为瑰宝，该法规定了澳大利亚政府的执政方式及立法依据。《宪法》创立了政府的联邦制。在联邦体制下，权利分属中央政府及其下属的六个独立州。
澳大利亚政府有三个分支：
一是立法机关（议会），负责在宪法第51条决议的框架下讨论并投票，表决通过新的法律。
二是行政机关，负责执行和维护议会通过的法律。一些立法机关的成员同时也是行政机关的成员，专门负责法律的某些特殊方面。
三是司法机关，独立于其他两个分支之外，负责法律的执行，并监督其余两个分支是否在其权利范围内正常运作。
澳大利亚的政治体制建立于民主自由的传统之上，基于宗教宽容、言论与结社自由，以及法治的价值理念。澳大利亚的政治体制与实现形式反映了英国与北美国家的模式。同时，它们又是澳大利亚独有的。
各州和各地区政府要对未分配给澳大利亚联邦的所有事情负责，它们还应当遵循责任政府的法则。各州由女王任命总督为其代表。
词汇 Vocabulary
1 colony ['kɔləni] n. 殖民地；聚居地
2 federal [ˈfedərəl] adj. 联邦的，联盟的
3 democratic [,deməˈkrætik] adj. 民主的；民主政治的；大众的
4 institution [,insti'tju:ʃn] n. 制度；体系；机构
5 territory [ˈteritəri] n. 领土，领域；范围；地域；版图
6 governor [ˈɡʌvənə] n. 总督；主管人员；统治管理者
Tips
澳大利亚的政治机构和习惯沿袭了西方的民主传统，反映出英国和北美的经验。澳大利亚联邦实行三级政府体制（联邦、州、地方）。澳大利亚议会（立法机构）和政府负责处理涉及全国利益的所有事务，六个州政府和州立法机构补充联邦政府的活动，在城、镇、市和郡一共约有900个地方政府机构，1902年联邦举行选举，澳大利亚成为了世界上妇女最早享有选举权的国家之一。
In 1944, the Liberal Party of Australia was founded after a three-day meeting held in a small auditorium which was not far from parliament in Canberra. October 16, 1944, the name "The Liberal Party of Australia" was adopted, uniting the many different political organisations. Two months later, at the Albury Conference, the Party's organisational and constitutional framework was drawn up.
The Organisational and Parliamentary wings of the Liberal Party each have clearly defined and separate roles. In the Liberal Party, the Organisational wing cannot dictate policy but consults with and advises the Parliamentary wing, particularly on the development of longer-term policies. The Parliamentary wing of the Liberal Party is made up of Federal and State Parliamentarians.
The Liberal Party believes in the inalienable rights and freedoms of all peoples; and we work towards a lean government that minimises interference in our daily lives; and maximises individual and private sector initiative. In those most basic freedoms of parliamentary democracy – the freedom of thought, worship, speech and association. In equal opportunity for all Australians; and the encouragement and facilitation of wealth so that all may enjoy the highest possible standards of living, health, education and social justice.
1944年，在堪培拉离议会不远的一个小礼堂里，经过三天的会议讨论，澳大利亚自由党成立了。同年10月16日，澳大利亚自由党的名字得到确定，并联合了很多不同政治团体。两个月后，在阿尔伯里会议上，自由党草拟了其组织形式和各项规章制度。
自由党分为两个部门——组织部门和议会部门——每个部门有着明确的界定和各自的规章。在自由党中，组织部门不可以直接决定发布政策，但可以向议会部门提供咨询、意见和建议，尤其是在一些长期发展的政策方面。议会部门由联邦议会和各州议会组成。
自由党坚信所有人都享有不可分离的权利与自由，他们致力于一个机构精简的政府，较少干预人们的日常生活，尽可能提升个人的积极主动性。他们坚信议会保障人民最基本的自由，即思想、宗教、言论与集会的自由。他们坚信所有澳大利亚人机会均等，他们鼓励和促进财富的积累，从而达到尽可能高的生活、健康、教育和司法公正水平。
词汇 Vocabulary
1 framework [ˈfreimwə:k] n. 结构，构架，骨架，构架
2 parliament [ˈpɑ:ləmənt] n. 议会，国会
3 wing [wiŋ] n. 翼；翅膀；飞翔；派别；整体中的某一部分 vt. 使飞；飞过；空运；加快……的速度；装以翼
4 policy [ˈpɔlisi] n. 政策，方针；保险单
5 inalienable [inˈeiljənəbl] adj. 不可转让的，不可分割的
6 interference [,intəˈfiərəns] n. 干扰，冲突，干涉，干预
7 initiative [iˈniʃiətiv] n. 主动权；首创精神 adj. 主动的；自发的；起始的
8 democracy [diˈmɔkrəsi] n. 民主，民主主义；民主政治
9 facilitation [fə,siliˈteiʃən] n. 简易化；【生理】 助长；容易；助长，促进
10 justice [ˈdʒʌstis] n. 司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员；公正，合理
Tips
自由党的前身是“澳大利亚统一党”。当时，罗伯特·孟席斯及其支持者脱离了“统一党”而独立，名为“自由党”，实际上等同于英国的保守党，属于中间偏右翼的政党。现任自由党联邦领袖是托尼·艾伯特（Tony Abbott），副领袖是茱莉·毕肖普。
Australian Labor Party, founded in 189, is the largest and oldest political party in Australia. It has intimate relations with Labor Union, most of whose members take part in the party. It is recognized as the representative of Labor Union and now it is the ruling party of Australia Federal Parliament.
In the 1890s, great strikes shaked the continent of Australia, particularly the Maritime Strike and the Shearers' Strike. When a large number of sheep shearers in Queensland struck against poor conditions and low wages, the Queensland police responded with violence and repressed the strike. These industrial conflicts were seen as a demoralizing blow for labor movement.
Therefore, people turned to a political solution and sought election to parliament by manhood suffrage, resulting in the formation of the Australian Labor Party.
On November 24th, 2007, the opposition Labor Party leader Kevin Rudd won a wide margin
victory over the Liberal Party-National Party coalition at the Australian federal election, returning to power after 11 years.
澳大利亚工党（Australian Labor Party）成立于189年，为澳大利亚最大、历史最悠久的政党，同工会关系密切，工会会员多为工党党员。澳大利亚工党被认为是澳大利亚工会的代表，同时它也是澳大利亚联邦议会的执政党。
19世纪末，罢工运动震动了整个澳洲大陆，尤以海运工人大罢工和剪羊毛工人大罢工最为著名。昆士兰州大量剪羊毛工人大罢工，反对糟糕的工作环境和低廉的工资，遭到昆士兰州警察武力镇压。这些工业化矛盾被认为是对工人运动的一次沉重打击。
因此，人们开始转向政治途径来解决矛盾，通过成人普选获得议会席位，澳大利亚工党由此成立。
2007年11月24日，陆克文领导的反对党工党在澳联邦大选中以较大优势击败自由党－国家党执政联盟，时隔11年后重新执政。
词汇 Vocabulary
1 Australian Labor Party n. 澳大利亚工党
2 Labor Union n. 公会
3 Australia Federal Parliament n. 澳大利亚联邦议会
4 the Maritime Strike n. 海员罢工
5 the Shearers' Strike n. 剪羊毛工罢工
6 demoralizing [di'mɔ:rə,laiziŋ] adj. 令人泄气的
7 manhood suffrage n. 成人普选
Tips
澳大利亚工党奉行民主社会主义准则，以实现工业生产、分配和交换的民主社会化和平等、民主、自由与社会合作为其目标，主张在党内实现平等、团结和多数裁决的原则。其现任党魁为朱莉亚·吉拉德。
The National Party is formed as a party in the Federal Parliament on January 22, 1920. The Nationals comprise both a Parliamentary wing and an Organizational wing. The Parliamentary wing of The Nationals is made up of Federal and State Parliamentarians. It is the responsibility of all members, both Federal and State, to represent their respective electorates and states and to promote The Nationals' policy and philosophy.
They believe the future of regional Australia is critical to the future of the nation. Their priorities are building stronger regional economies and secure communities, delivering opportunity and prosperity for all regional Australians, and ensuring a sustainable environment.
The Nationals' commitment to the national interest does not stop there. The Nationals provide a considered and commonsense perspective on all elements of government policy and a balance between Australia's political extremes.
1920年1月22日，国家党成立，成为在联邦议会中发挥作用的一个政党。国家党由议会部门和组织部门两部分组成。议会部门由联邦议会和各州议会共同组成。所有成员，不论是联邦的还是各州的，都有义务代表他们的选民和州，促进国家党政策的实施和意愿的实现。
他们相信澳大利亚各地区的未来对整个国家的未来至关重要。他们的首要任务是建立强大的地区经济和安全社区，向所有澳大利亚人提供机会，带去繁荣，同时确保环境的可持续发展。
国家党致力于澳大利亚利益的行为不会停止。他们为政府政策和澳大利亚政治极端势力的平衡提供了一个全面的、一望可知的视角。
词汇 Vocabulary
1 electorate [iˈlektərət] n. 选民，选区，全体选民
2 priority [praiˈɔriti] n. 优先；优先权； 【数】 优先次序；优先考虑的事
3 commitment [kəˈmitmənt] n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身
4 commonsense [,kɔmənˈsens] adj. 常识的；具有常识的，一望可知的
5 perspective [pəˈspektiv] n. 观点；远景；透视图 adj. 透视的
Tips
澳大利亚国家党成立于1920年。原名乡村党，1972年该党在昆士兰州改称国家党，1975年在全国范围更名国家乡村党，1982年改用现名。
19世纪中叶澳大利亚的淘金热促进了当地农业的发展。19世纪30年代全澳范围的经济萧条严重影响农业生产。农场主和畜牧场主为维护自身的经济利益组织了一些协会，进而寻求他们在政治上的代表。澳大利亚农牧场主决定组织自己的政党，即乡村党。该党3/4的成员是农牧场主。
The Australian Greens, commonly known as The Greens, is an Australian left-wing and environmentalist political party. The party was formed in 1992. However, its origins can be traced to the early environmental movement in Australia and the formation of the United Tasmania Group (UTG), one of the first Green parties in the world, which first ran candidates in the 1972 Tasmanian state election.
The Australian Greens, like all Australian political parties, are federally organized with separately registered state parties signing up to a national constitution, yet retaining considerable policy-making and organizational autonomy from the centre.
The national decision-making body of the Australian Greens is the National Council, consisting of delegates from each member body (a state or territory Greens party).
The National Council arrives at decisions by consensus. There is no formal executive of the national party. However, there is an Australian Greens Coordinating Group (AGCG) composed of national office bearers including the National Convenor, Secretary, Treasurer, and delegates from each state and territory.
澳大利亚绿党，通常被称为绿党，是澳大利亚的左翼、环境保护主义政党。绿党成立于1992年；不过，该政党的起源可以追溯到澳大利亚早期的环境保护运动与塔斯马尼亚团结组织（UTG），这个组织是世界上首批绿党之一，最早于1972年在塔斯马尼亚州举行选举。
绿党的组织方式与所有澳大利亚政党一样，是由各州注册的绿党组织成联邦政党，但各地方仍然保留相当大的政策制定权和组织权。
澳大利亚绿党的国家决策机构是国家委员会，由每个成员机构（一个州或地区的绿党）的代表组成。
国家委员会经协商一致达成决策。这个政党没有正式的执行者。但有一个澳大利亚绿党协调组织（AGCG），由国家理事会成员包括国家总督、部长、财务主管以及各州、地区的代表组成。
词汇 Vocabulary
1 left-wing adj. 左派的
2 environmentalist [in,vaiərənˈmentlist] n. 环保人士；环境论者；研究环境问题的专家
3 considerable [kənˈsidərəbl] adj. 相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的
Tips
绿党作为世界首批环保主义政党，其政治立场多在争议性问题中引起关注。如反对199年海湾战争、反对2003年伊拉克战争、反对铀开采与核动力、倡导可再生能源、倡导水资源管理的可持续方法等，同时也产生了一定的影响。