己   由武穴至汉口。

甲   整治扬子江口自海上深水线至黄浦江合流点

凡河流航行之阻塞，必自河口始，此自然原则也。故凡改良河道以利航行，必由其河口发端，扬子江亦不能居于例外也。故吾人欲治扬子江，当先察扬子江口。

扬子江入海有三口：最北为北支流，在左岸与崇明岛间；中间为中水道，在崇明岛与铜沙坦之间；最南为南水道，在铜沙坦与右岸之间。故为便利计，以后当分别称之为北水道、中水道、南水道。

The silting up of a river's mouth is due to the loss of velocity in its current when the water gets into the wide opening at its junction with the sea and causes the silt to deposit there. The remedy is to maintain the velocity of the current by narrowing the mouth of the river so that it equals that of the upper part. In this way the silt is suspended in the water moving on into the deep sea. The narrowing process may be accom- plished by walls or training jetties. And thus the silt may be carried by the water into the deepest part of the open sea and before it settles down upon the bottom a returning tide will carry it from the approach into the shallow parts on both sides of the river's mouth. The mouth of a river can be kept clear from deposit of silt by the action and reaction of the ebb and flow tide. The conservancy of an estuary of any river is accomplished by utilizing these natural forces.

In order to regulate the estuary of the Yangtze we have to study the three channels which form its mouth and to find out which of these channels is to be selected as the regulated entrance into the sea. In Mr. Von Heidenstam's proposal for the improvement of the approach of Shanghai Harbor, he recommends two alternatives, viz., either to block up the North and Middle Channels and to leave the South Channel only for the mouth of the Yangtze, or to train the South Channel only and leave the other two alone. For the present, he thinks, perhaps for the sake of economy, the latter scheme would be enough. But the training of the South Channel alone as the approach to Shanghai would leave it in a state of perpetual anxiety as has been apprehended by Mr. Von Heidenstam and other experts, for the main volume of the water of the Yangtze may be diverted into either of the other two channels and leave the Southern one to be silted up at any time. Therefore to make the approach of Shanghai once for all safe and permanent, it is necessary to block up two of the three channels, leaving only one as an approach to the port. This is also the only feasible way of regulating the estuary of the Yangtze.

In our scheme of regulating the Yangtze Estuary I should recommend using the North Channel only and to block the other two. Because the North Channel is the shortest way to the deep-sea line and by using it as the only mouth of the Yangtze, we have on both sides of it more shallow banks to be reclaimed by its silt. Thus the expenditure would be less and the results greater. But this would leave Shanghai in the lurch. Therefore in a coöperative scheme like this I would apply the theory of killing two birds with one stone by using the Middle Channel, since it would suit both of our purposes. The reason for this is because the regulating of the Yangtze Estuary and the securing of a Shanghai approach have different purposes, hence we must consider them differently.

凡河口所以被沙泥填塞者，以河水将入海汇流，河口宽阔，湍流减其速力，而沙泥因之沉淀也。救之者，收窄其河口，令与上流无异，以保其湍流之速力；由此道，则沙泥被水裹挟，直抵深海。收窄之工程，当筑海堤以成之，或用一连之石坝。如是，其沙泥为水所混，直至深海广阔之处，未及沉淀，复遇回潮冲击，还填入河口两旁附近浅水之洼地，以潮长、潮退之动力与反动力，遂使河口常无淤积。凡疏浚一河之河口，皆以利用此天然力助成之。

欲治扬子江口，吾辈须将构成其口之三水道一一研究，又择出其一道以为入海之口。在方希典斯坦君所提议改良上海港面通路策，列有二案：其一，闭塞北、中两水道，独留南水道，以为扬子江口；其二，独修浚南水道，而置余两水道不理。现在彼意以为用第二案已足，此或因经济上目的而然。顾惟修浚南水道，则上海通路将常见不绝提心吊胆之情形，仍如方希典斯坦君暨其他专门家现所忧虑者；因扬子江水流之大部，随时可以改灌入他两水道，而令南水道淤塞也。故为使上海通路永久安全、一劳永逸计，必须于三水道之中，闭塞其二，独留一股，以为上海通路。此又整治扬子江口唯一可得实行之路也。

在我整治扬子江口之计划，本应选用北水道，而闭塞中南二水道。因北水道为入深海最短之线，又用之以为唯一之扬子江口，则其两旁有更多之沙坦洼地，正待沙泥填堵也。故其费用为较少，而收效为较多。但此本不为上海作计故然耳。如其统筹全局，必须以一箭双雕之法行之，而采中水道以为河口，则于治河与筑港两得其便。盖专谋治扬子江口与单谋上海之通路者，各有所志，其考察自有不同也。

In my project of regulating the Yangtze Estuary I have two aims, namely, to secure a deep channel to the open sea and to save as much silt as possible for the purpose of reclamation of land. The Middle Channel provides three ready receptacles for the deposit of the silt for the formation of new land: the Haimen, the Tsungming, and the Tungsha Banks. Besides these banks there are many hundreds of square miles of shallow bottom which in the course of ten or twenty years will also form land. As remuneration is our first principle we must consider it in every step of our progress. The reclamation of about a thousand square miles of land even in forty not to say twenty years would be ample profit. At the lowest estimate the reclaimed land would be worth twenty dollars per mow. If after ten years five hundred square miles would be ready for cultivation purposes then we would gain a profit of 38,000,000 dollars. Whereas to make an approach by the South Channel the receptacle ground will be on one side only, that is, the Tungsha Banks, while on the right of the approach is the deep Hangchow Bay which would take hundreds of years to fill up, and in the meanwhile half of the silt would be wasted. To Shanghai as a seaport the silt is a curse but to the shallow banks the silt would be a blessing.

Since it is a profitable undertaking to reclaim the above mentioned banks and the neighboring shallows, we can quite well afford to build a double stone wall from the shore end of the Yangtze right out into the deep sea far beyond Shaweishan Island which is a distance of about forty miles. A stone wall from one fathom to five fathoms in height at low-water level would likely not exceed an average cost of two hundred thousand dollars a mile as cheap stone can easily be obtained from the granite islands nearby, in the Chusan Archipelago. A wall of forty miles on each side that is eighty miles in all will cost sixteen million dollars or thereabouts. And considering that 200 or 300 square miles of Haimen, Tsungming, and the Tungsha banks could be converted into arable land within a short time, the expense of building the wall is well justified. Furthermore, the construction of this wall means that there will be a safe and permanent approach for a world port in Shanghai as well as a deep outlet for the Yangtze. See Map V.

The regulating wall on the right side should be built from the junction of the Whangpoo by prolongation of its right jetty describing a gentle curve into the depths of the South Channel and turning toward the opposite side and cutting through the Blockhouse Island into the Middle Channel, then running eastward right into the five-fathom line southeast of Shaweishan Island. The left wall would be a continuation from that of Tsungming at Tsungpaosha Island parallel with the right wall by a distance of about two miles. This wall should curve to a point at or near Drinkwater Point at Tsungming Island, then project into the five-fathom line at the open sea passing by just at the south side of the Shaweishan Island. A glance at the map here attached would be sufficient to show how the future outlet of the Yangtze as well as the future approach of Shanghai should be. The two regulating submerged walls on both sides would be as high as low-water level so as to give a free passage of the water over the top at flood tide. This will serve the purpose of carrying back the silt from the sea when the tide comes in, thus to reclaim the shallow spaces inclosed behind the walls on both sides of the river more quickly than otherwise. The new channel formed by these two parallel walls would likely be deeper than the present South Channel outside the Whangpoo, which is forty to fifty feet deep because the velocity of the current will be greater than the present one, due to the concentration of three channels into one. Furthermore, the depth would be more uniform and stable than at present. Although the regulating walls end at the five-fathom line, the momentum of the current would continue beyond that point, and so would cut into the deep water outside. This would serve the double purpose of draining the Yangtze Estuary as well as keeping open the approach to Shanghai.

在我治扬子江口之计划，所取者有两端：其一，则求深水道以达海洋；其二，则多收其沙泥，以填海为田，惟力所及。中水道具有三堆积场，以 受沙泥而成新陆地，即海门坦、崇明坦、铜沙坦是也。此外尚有渟水 ^[5] 洼地千数百英方里，循现在之势以往，不过十年至二十年便成陆地。以我之第一原则为获利故，每一举足，不可忘之。即令二十年不能成地，姑倍之为四十年，而所填筑者有约一千英方里之多，其于利益，已不菲矣。以至贱计之，填积之地值二十元一亩，如使十年之后，五百英方里之地可备耕作之用，其所得之利已为三千八百四十万元。如使由南水道以通上海，则接受沙泥之地面只在一偏，即惟有铜沙坦在其左方，而右方则为深水之杭州湾，非数百年不能填满，在此数百年间沙泥之半数归于无用矣。夫以上海为海港，故沙泥为之噩神；至于低地，正欢迎沙泥，而以福星视之也。

此种企业，既有填筑上述海坦洼地为田之利，我等自可建一双石堤，自长江入海之处起，直达深海，至离岸四十英里之沙尾山为止。以舟山列岛附近有花冈石岛，廉价之石，不难运致。故筑一石堤，高六英尺至三十英尺，使刚与低潮面平，其平均所需，当不过每一英里费二十万元；石堤每边长四十英里，统共八十英里，其所费约在一千六百万元左右。而在海门坦、崇明坦暨铜沙坦有二三百英方里地，转瞬之间，可变为农田计之，则建此石堤，已非不值矣。况其建此石堤，实足以为上海世界港得一永久通路，又为扬子江得一深水出路也耶！（参观第五图）

右边之石堤，应从黄浦江合流点起，延长其右边石坝，画一缓曲线，到南水道深处，然后转向对岸，横截鸭窝沙，以至中水道，又折向东方，直筑至沙尾山东南水深三十英尺处。左边之堤，由崇宝沙起，直至崇明角，与右堤平行，两堤中间相距约两英里。此堤当在崇明之饮水角附近，稍作曲线，然后直达深海三十英尺深之线，恰在沙尾山南端经过。试一览附图，当知将来上海通路当何如，扬子江出路当何如矣。此一双水底石堤，断不容高过低潮面，以使潮涨时水流自由通过堤面，如此则潮涨时可将沙泥夹带回两堤之旁，于是填塞两堤旁所括之低地，更迅速矣。现在南水道在黄浦江外面，已有四五十英尺之深，而新水道以两平行石堤夹成，料必比南水道更深，因其聚三水道入于一流，其水流速力必较现在者为多也，而河身之深亦将较现在为确定，且一律。在石堤，虽止于水深三十英尺处，而水流不于是遽停，必过此一点更突入较深之外海而后止。则上海通路常开，与扬子江口无阻之两目的，可得同时俱达矣。

b.   From Whangpoo Junction to Kiangyin

This part of the channel of the Yangtze River is most irregular and changeable. The widest part is over ten miles while the Kiangyin Narrow is only but three-quarters of a mile. The depth of the channel at the open part is from five to ten fathoms while that of Kiangyin Narrow is twenty fathoms. Judging by the depth of the water at this point a width of one and a half miles must be provided for the channel in order to slow down the current and to give a uniform velocity right along the river. So the two-mile-wide channel at Whangpoo Junction has to be tabulated into one mile and a half at Kiangyin. See Map VI.

The north or left embankment commencing at Tsungpao Sha continues with the sea wall and makes a convex curve up to Tsungming Island at a point about six miles northwest from Tsungming city. Then it follows along the shore of Tsungming right up to Mason Point and transversing across the north channel parallel to the north shore at a distance of three or four miles right up to Kinshan Point, thence it cuts across the deep channel which was formed in recent years and curves southwestward to join the shore northeast of Tsingkiang and follows the shore line for a distance of about seven or eight miles, then cuts into the land side to give this part of the river a width of one and a half miles from the fort at the Kiangyin side. This embankment from Tsungpao Sha to Tsingkiang Point opposite Kiangyin fort is about one hundred miles in length.

乙   由黄浦江合流点起至江阴

扬子江水道中，此一部分为最不规则，又最转变无常者。其江流广处，在十英里以上；至其狭处，才得四分英里之三，即江阴窄路是也。在此广阔之处，河深不过三十英尺至六十英尺；至于江阴窄路，实有一百二十英尺之深。由江阴窄路之水深以判断之，必须有一英里半阔之河身，以缓和此地方湍流之速力，令全河流速始终如一。于是在黄浦口之二英里阔河身，在江阴应阔一英里半。（参观第六图）

此段左岸即北岸筑河堤，起自崇宝沙，与海堤相连，作一凸曲线，以至崇明岛，在崇明城西北约六英里处，接于滩边。然后沿崇明滩边，直至马孙角（译音），然后转而横过北水道，离北岸约三四英里，作一平行线，直抵金山角（译音）。在此处截断近年新成之深水道，向西南，以与靖江县城东北河岸相接。沿此岸再筑七八英里，又挖开陆地，以增河身之阔。令其自江阴炮台脚下起，算至对岸，常有一英里半之距离。此自崇宝沙至江阴对面之靖江，河堤共长约一百英里。

South of Tsungming Island a part of this embankment and a part of the wall that projects into the sea together inclose a shallow space of about 160 square miles good for reclamation purposes. The other part of the embankment, which runs from Mason Point at the head of Tsungming Island to Tsingkiang shore, incloses another space of about 130 square miles.

The right embankment starts at the end of the left jetty of Whangpoo Junction and, skirting along the Paoshan shore and passing the Blonde Shoal into the deep, crosses the Confucius Channel on into Actaon Shoal and follows the right side of Harvey Channel on to Plover Point. Then it turns northwest across the deep channel into Langshan Flats, thence recrosses the deep channel at Langshan crossing into Johnson Flats, then joins the Pitman King Island, and thence skirts along the shore right into the foot of the hills at Kiangyin forts. This embankment incloses two shallow spaces: one above and the other below Plover Point, together about 160 square miles. Alongside of both of these embankments there are shallow spaces amounting to about 450 square miles, a great part of which having already formed land and a part already appearing in low water. When these spaces are cut off from the moving current the process of reclamation would be made to work more rapidly so it is not extravagant to hope that within the course of twenty years the whole of these 450 square miles would be completely reclaimed and ready for cultivation. The profits from the new lands thus reclaimed would amount to about $29,760,000 if only taken at $20 per mow. The profits from the new lands would be netted from the beginning of the work and would increase every year up to the completion of the reclamation process.

With a profit of $30,000,000 in the course of twenty years before us, it is a worth-while proposition to take up. Now let us see what amount of capital should be invested before the whole project of our reclamation work could be completed. In order to reclaim this 450 square miles of land two hundred miles of embankments have to be built. Part of these projected embankments will be along the shore line, a greater part will be in midstream, and a small part in deep channel. Those along the shore line need not be bothered with except that the concave surface must be protected with stone or concrete work. Those in midstream should be filled up with stone ten feet or less below low-water level just enough to give a resistance to the undercurrent in order to prevent it from running sideward. Thus the main current would follow the line of least resistance and cut the channel, as directed by the rudimental embankment, by its own force. This rudimental embankment would cost less than the sea wall which I estimated at $200,000 per mile. Except at one point, that is, the junction of the North Channel at Mason Point, which has to be blocked up entirely, the cost for which, as has been estimated by experts, would amount to over a million dollars for a distance of two or three miles. Thus the profits accruing from the reclaimed lands would be quite sufficient to pay for the embankments. So far we see that the regulating of the Yangtze from the sea to Kiangyin is a self-paying proposition from the reclamation of land alone, aside from the improvement of the navigation of the Yangtze River.

在崇明岛迤南，此河堤之一部及海堤，共围有浅滩约一百六十英方里，可以填为实地。其河堤之他一部，自崇明岛上头马孙角起，至靖江河岸止，另围有浅滩一百三十英方里。

右边河堤，自黄浦江口石坝尽处起，循宝山岸边，过布兰暗滩，直到深处，横过“孔夫子水道”，穿入额段暗滩（译音），随哈维水道（译音）右边，溯流筑至朴老花角（译音）。再在狼山渡，横截深水道，穿过约翰孙沙洲（译音），与常阴洲相接续。再循此岸，直筑至江阴炮台山脚下。此段河堤围有浅滩两处，一在朴老花角上游，他一则在其下游，共约有一百六十英方里。此两边河堤之所围浅滩，共约四百五十英方里，其中大部分已成陆地，亦有一部已于低潮时露出。此等地方，若令不与湍流相遇，则其填塞之进行更速。所以谓二十年之内，此四百五十英方里之地，当完全填成实地，可供耕作，亦非奢望也。如使此种新地每亩仅值二十元，则此新填地所生利益，已约有二千九百七十六万元矣。而此近三千万之利益，固从新地而生。此新地之利益，自起工以后，则每年增长，直至其填塞完成而后已者也。

以后此二十年间可得三千万元利益而论，此种提案，自可采供讨议。今先计须投资本若干，然后我填筑之全计划可以完成。将欲填此四百五十英方里之地，须筑二百英里之河堤。此所计划之河堤，有一部分为沿河岸线者，而大部分须在中流，更有一小部分须筑在深水道之中。沿河岸线者，惟有在凹曲线面之一部须以石建，或用士敏土坚结，以保护堤面，此外无须费力。在中流者，须用石叠起，至离低潮水面下不及十英尺为止，适足以抵抗下层水流，令不轶出正路之外。如此则大股流水，将循此抵抗最少之线，以其自力，从其初级河堤所诱导，开一水道。此种初级河堤所费，比之海堤较廉，而海堤所费，依吾前计算为二十万元一英里而已。惟有在马孙角、北水道分流点一处，须将该水道完全闭塞，其费已经专门家估算，当在百万元以外，方能填筑此二三英里之堤。是故由新填地所生利益，必足以回复其所筑河堤所费。可知即此填新地一节，已足令自海口到江阴两段导江工程不致亏本，而又有改良扬子江航路之益也。

c.   From Kiangyin to Wuhu

This part of the river is quite different in nature from that below Kiangyin. Its channel is more stable and only in a few places sharp curves occur and the water has cut into the concave sides of the land, thus occasionally making new channels along the sides of the two shores. This section of the river is about 180 miles in length. See Map VII.

The regulating works here would be more complicated than those below Kiangyin. For besides the dilated parts which have to be reclaimed in the same manner as those of the lower part of the river, the sharp curves have to be straightened and side channels have to be blocked, and midstream islands have to be removed, and narrows have to be widened to give uniform width to the river.

丙   自江阴至芜湖

此段河流，性质与江阴以下全异。其水道较为巩固，惟有三数处现出急曲线，河流蚀入凹曲线方面之陆地，因此时时于两岸另开新水道而已。此段长约一百八十英里。（参观第七图）

此处整治之工，比之江阴以下更为困难。盖其泛滥之地，应填筑者，仍与长江下游景况正同。其急曲线须修之使直，旁支水道应行闭塞，中流小岛应行削去，窄隘水路应行浚广，令全河上下游一律。

However, most of the exist- ing embankments in this part could be left as they are except some of the concave surfaces of the shores have to be protected by either stone or concrete work. The regulating works of the channel and the embankments can be done by artificial means as well as by natural processes so as to economize as much as possible. The cost of the whole works of this part of the river cannot be accurately estimated until a detail survey is made; but in a rough guess $400,000 per mile may not be very far from the mark. Thus 180 miles will cost $72,000,000 exclusive of the expenses for the widening of the point between Nanking and Pukow, in which case valuable properties will have to be removed.

The Kwachow cut is to straighten the three sharp curves in front of and above Chinkiang by converting them into one. Two and a half miles of the land in the northern shore opposite Chinkiang will have to be cut into in order to form a new channel of a mile or more in width. The part of the river in front of, and above and below Chinkiang has to be reclaimed. The new land thus reclaimed would form the water front of Chinkiang city, the value of which may be sufficient to defray the cost of the work and compensate for the land taken away on the northern shore, to form the new channel. So the works of this part will be at least a self-paying proposition.

The narrow between Pukow and Hsiakwan from pier to pier is barely six cables wide. The depth of the water in this narrow from the shallowest to the deepest is six to twenty-two fathoms. The land of the Hsiakwan side had occasionally sunk away on account of the too rapid current and the depth of the water. This indicates that this part is too narrow for the volume of the Yangtze water to pass. Therefore a wider passage must be provided for. In order to do so, the whole town of Hsiakwan must be sacrificed as the river must be widened right up to the foot of the Lion Hill, so as to provide a passage of a mile wide at this point. What the cost for the compensation of this valuable property of Hsiakwan will be will have to be submitted to the experts for a careful investigation before it can be determined. This will be the most costly part of the whole project for the regulating of the Yangtze. But undoubtedly some equally valuable property can be created along the riverside near by in place of Hsiakwan, so that a balance may be realized by the work itself.

The channel below the Nanking Pukow Narrow will follow the short passage alongside of the foot of the Mofushan to Wulungshan. The loop around the island north of Nanking will have to be blocked up in order to straighten the course of the river.

然而此部分原有河堤，大抵可以听其自然，惟其河岸凹曲线面，有数处应用石或士敏土坚结以保护之耳。以力求省费之故，此段水道及河堤整治工程，可以一面用人为之工作，一面助以自然之力。此一段河流工程全部所费，不能于测量未竣以前精密计出，但粗为计算，则四十万一英里之数，总相去不远。故全段一百八十英里，应费七千二百万元。此外尚有开阔南京、浦口中间河面之费，未计有内；此处有多数高价之产业须全毁去，其费颇多也。

瓜洲开凿一事，所以令镇江前面及上下游三处急曲线改为一处，使河流较直也。此处沿江北岸约二英里半陆地，正对镇江，必须凿开，令成新水道，阔一英里有余。其旧道在镇江前面及上下游者，则须填塞之。所填之地，即成为镇江城外沿江市街，估其价值，优足以偿购取瓜洲陆地，及开凿工程之费。故此一部分，至少总可认为不亏本之提案。

浦口、下关间窄处，自此码头至彼码头，仅得五分英里之三，即一千二百码而已。而此处水深最浅处为三十六英尺，最深处为一百三十二英尺。下关一边陆地，时时以水流过急、河底过深之故而崩陷，斯即显然为此部分河道太窄，不足以容长江洪流通过也。然则非易以广路不可矣。为此之故，必以下关全市为牺牲，而容河流直洗狮子山脚，然后此处河流有一英里之阔。以赔还下关之高价财产而论，须费几何，必须提交专门家详细调查，乃能决定。要之，此为整治扬子江全计划中最耗费之部分。但亦有附近下关沿岸之地，可以成为高价财产无疑，故此工程或可望得自相弥补也。

南京、浦口间窄路下游之水道，应循其最短线路，沿幕府山脚，以至乌龙山脚。其绕过八卦洲后面之干流，应行填塞，俾水流直下无滞。

The section of the river from Nanking to Wuhu is almost in a straight line with three dilatations along its course one just above Nanking the other two just above and below the East and West pillars. To regulate the first dilatation the channel above Me-tse-chow should be blocked up and the island outside of it should be partly cut to widen the proper channel. To regulate the other two dilatations the river should be made to curve toward Taiping Fu to follow the deep channel on the right bank. The left channel should be blocked up. The islands along this curve should be partly or wholly removed. To regulate the dilatation above the Pillars, the Friends Channel should be blocked up and Friends Island be partly cut away. And the left bank below Wuhu should also be cut to give the channel a uniform width.

d.   From Wuhu to Tungliu

This part of the river is about 130 miles in length. Along its course there are six dilatations, the most prominent of which is the one that lies immediately below Tungling, which extends over ten miles from side to side. In each of these dilatations there are usually two or three channels with newly formed islands between them. The deep passage often changes from one side to the other, and it is not uncommon that all of the channels are filled up at the same time, thus stopping navigation altogether for a considerable period. See Map VIII.

由南京至芜湖一段河流，殆成一直线，其中有泛滥三处，一处刚在南京上游，余二则在东西梁山之上下游。其第一泛滥之米子洲上游支流，应行闭塞，另割该洲外面一幅，使本流河幅足用。至欲整治余二泛滥，则应循其右岸深水道作曲线，向太平府城，而将左边水道锁闭。此曲线所经各沙洲，有须全行削去者，亦有须削其一部者。而在东西梁山上游之泛滥，须将兄弟水道完全闭塞，并将陈家洲削去一部。而芜湖下游左岸，亦须稍加割削，令河流广狭上下一律。

丁   自芜湖至东流

此段大江约长一百三十英里，沿流有泛滥六处。其中最显著者，即在铜陵下之泛滥也。此泛滥，两岸相距在十英里以上。第一泛滥，常分为两三股水道，其间夹有新涨之沙洲。其深水道时时变迁，忽在此股 ，忽在彼股，有时竟至数股同时淤塞，逼令航行暂时停止，亦非希觏 ^[6] 之事也。（参观第八图）

In regulating the part of the river from ten miles above Wuhu to ten miles below Tatung, I propose to cut a new channel through the midstream islands formed by the three dilatations and the sharp corners of the shore, in order to straighten as well as to shorten the river, as marked by the dotted lines in the map attached here. The cost of the cut could not be estimated until a detail survey is made. But as soon as the embankments are laid out the natural force of the river's own current will do a great part of the dredging work, so that the expenses of the cutting for the new channel will be much less than usual. Above Tatung there are two sharp turns of the left shore to be cut. One is on the left shore at the point where the beacon now stands about twelve miles from Tatung. In this place a few miles of the left shore will have to be cut away. The other cut is just below the city of Anking hence to Kianglung beacon, a distance of about six miles. By this cut we do away with the sharp turns of the river at Chuan Kiang Kau. These cuttings would cost much more than the piling of stone at the lower reach of the river. It is quite certain that the reclamation of the side channels of this part will not cover the cost of the cuttings. Therefore this part of the regulating work will not be self-paying, but the navigation of the Yangtze, the protection it gives to both sides of the land, and the prevention of floods in the future will amply compensate for such work.

e.   From Tungliu to Wusueh

This part of the river is about eighty miles in length. The land along the right bank is generally hilly while that along the left is low. Along its course there are four dilatations. In three of these dilatations the current has cut into the left or northern bank of the river and then turns back into its main course again almost at right angles. At such points the bank is very unstable. Between the channels of these dilatations islands are being formed. See Map IX.

The regulating works of this part are much easier to construct than those of the lower part. The three diverting semicircular channels have to be blocked up at the upper ends, and the lower openings left open for silt to go into at flood seasons in order to reclaim them by the natural process. The other dilatations should be narrowed in from both sides by jetties. A few places will have to be cut, the most important being the Pigeon Island and the turn above Siau Ku Shan. Some of the midstream islands will have to be removed, and a few wide places filled up in order to make the channel uniform, so as to give a regular minimum depth of six fathoms right along the whole course.

为整治此自芜湖上游十英里至大通下游十英里一段河流，吾拟凿此三泛滥中流之沙洲及岸边之突角，为一新水道，直贯其中，使成一较短较直之河身，即附图中点线所示之路是也。此项费用，亦须详细测量之后，始能算定。但若两边河堤筑定之后，则浚渫工程之大部分，将以河流之自然势力行之，故开凿新河之费，必较寻常大为减少。大通以上，左岸有急度弯曲两处，须行凿开。第一处即大通上游十二英里，现设塔灯水标处之左岸，此处左岸陆地有二三英里，须略加刊削。次一处则应在安庆下游，凿至江龙塔灯水标，计长六英里左右。既凿此河，则免去全江口急度之转湾矣。此项开凿工程，比之下游叠石为堤之费更多。其旁支水路，虽能填为耕地，究不能补其开凿所费。是以此一部分整治之工程，不免为亏本，但以其通长江航道，与保护两岸陆地，又防止将来洪水为患，则此种工程必为有益明也。

戊   自东流至武穴

此段长约八十英里，沿右岸皆山地，左岸则大抵低地也。沿流有泛滥四处，此中有三处，以水流之蚀及左岸，成一支流，复至下游，与正流相会，其会合处殆成直角。在此等地方，河岸殊不巩固，而此泛滥各股水道之间，正在堆积，将成沙洲矣。（参观第九图）

此段整治工程，比之下游各段，施工较易。此三处成半圆形时时转变之支流，应从其分支口施以闭塞，仍留其下游会流之口，任令洪水季节之沙泥随水泛入，自然填塞之。其他一处泛滥，则须于两边筑坝，束而窄之。更有数处须行削截，而小孤山上游及粮洲两处尤为重要。江心沙洲有一部分须削去，而河幅阔处亦有须填窄者。总令水道始终一律，期于全航道常有三十六英尺以上之水深也。

f.   From Wusueh to Hankow

This part of the river is about one hundred miles long. Above Wusueh we enter into the hilly country on both sides. The river here is generally about half a mile wide, with a depth of from five to twelve fathoms or sometimes more in certain places. See Map X.

To regulate this part of the river a few wide spaces have to be reclaimed to give a uniform channel, and the side channels at three or four places closed up. Then we can make a channel with a uniform depth of from six to eight fathoms at all seasons. At Collison Island section of the river the Ayres Channel has to be closed up, leaving the winter channel alone so as to give a gentle curve above and below this island. At Willes Island and Gravenor Island point the Round Channel and the channel between these two islands must be blocked up. The river must be made to cut through Willes Island to make a shorter curve. At Bouncer Island the South channel must be blocked up and above this the Low Point turn must be cut away to form a gentler curve. From this point to Hankow the river should be made narrower first by reclaiming the right side as far as the meeting of the southwest curve with the right bank then the reclamation should start at the opposite side of the left bank and right up along the front of Hankow Settlement until the Han River Mouth is reached. Thus a depth of six to eight fathoms can be secured right up to the Bund of Hankow.

To sum up, the whole length of the regulating course of the river from the deep sea to Hankow is about 630 miles. The embankments will be twice this length; that is, 1,260 miles. I have estimated that the sea wall at the mouth of the river could be built at $200,000 a mile, thus for both sides $400,000 a mile will be sufficient or the 140 miles from the deep sea to Kiangyin. For, in this part we have only the two embankments to deal with, which merely requires the tumbling of stones into the water until the pile is strong enough to hold the current to a directed course. As soon as these stone ridges on both sides of the river are formed, nature will do the rest to make the channel deep. The work for this part, therefore, is simple.

But the work for certain sections of the upper part of the river is more complicated as about fifty or sixty miles of solid land of from ten to twenty feet above water level and thirty to forty feet below have to be cut in order to straighten the river's course. Of this cutting and removing work, how much will have to be done artificially and how much can be done by nature, I leave to the experts to estimate. Excepting this, the other parts of this work, I think, cannot cost much more than $400,000 a mile. So that the whole work from the sea to Hankow, a distance of 630 miles will cost about $252,000,000, or let us say, including the unknown part, $300,000,000 for the completion of the entire project for the regulating of the Yangtze River. By this regulating of the Yangtze River, we secure an approach of 600 miles inland for ocean-going vessels into the very center of a continent of two hundred millions of people of which half or one hundred million is located immediately along 600 miles of the great water highway. As regards remuneration for the work, this project will be more profitable than either the Suez or Panama Canal.

己   自武穴至汉口

此段约长一百英里，自武穴而上，夹岸皆山地，河幅常为半英里内外。水深自三十英尺至七十二英尺，有数处尚在七十二英尺以上。（参观第十图）

整理此段，须填塞其宽广之河面三数处。令水道整齐，有三四处支流须行闭塞。如此，然后冬季节俱有三十六英尺至四十八英尺水深之水道，可得而成也。在戴家洲一段河流，应将埃梨水道（译音）闭塞，独留冬季水道，则此岛上游下游曲线均较缓徐。在鸭蛋洲及罗霍洲之处，其大弯曲水道及两岛间水道均应闭塞，而另开一新水道，穿过罗霍洲以成为较短之曲线。在水母洲，其南水道务须闭塞，而此洲之上万八壋口曲处，亦须挖成较缓徐之曲线。由此处以至汉口，则须先填右岸，收窄河身，至与右岸向西南曲处相接而止。再从对面左岸填起，直过汉口租界面前，以至汉水口。则汉口堤岸面前，可以常得三十六英尺至四十八英尺深之水道矣。

总计自海中至汉口，治河长约六百三十英里，河堤之长当得其二倍，即一千二百六十英里也。在江口之堤，吾尝约计每英里费二十万元，两堤四十万。此项数目，自深海以迄江阴一百四十英里，均可适用，充足有余。因此部分惟须建两堤，此堤亦惟须于水中堆石，令其坚足以约束河流，使从其所导而行，斯已足矣。此两岸列石既成之后，水道可因于自然之力以成，所以此部工程尚为简单。

然而在上游有数处为困难，其中有五六十英里之实地，水面上有一二十英尺之高，水面下尚有三四十英尺之深，须行削去，以使河身改直。此凿开及削去之工程，有若干须用人工，有若干可借天然之力，仍须待专门家预算。除此不计外，工程全部每一英里所费不过四十万元。故自海面至汉口，相距六百三十英里，所费当不过二万五千二百万元。今姑假定整治扬子江全盘计划并未知之部分算在其内，须费三万万元。由此计划，吾人辟一通路深入内地六百英里，容航洋巨船驶至住居二万万人口之大陆中心，而此中有一万万人住 居于此最大水路通衢之两旁。以工程之利益而论，此计划比之苏彝士 ^[7] 、巴拿马两河更可获利。

Although we could not find means whereby the works above Kiangyin may be made self-paying as those of the sections below by the reclamation of land, profit from city building along the course of the river can be realized after the regulating work is completed.

In conclusion, I must say that the figures given concerning the harbor works and the Yangtze regulation are merely rough estimates which must be in the nature of the case. As regards the costs of building the rudimental dikes at the estuary of the Yangtze as well as along the dilating parts of the river, the estimation may seem too low. But the data on which I base my estimate are as follows: First, my own observation of the private enterprise of reclamation by building dikes at the Canton delta around my native village; second, the cheap stone that can be obtained at the Chusan Archipelago; third, the estimation of Mr. Tyler, Coast Inspector of the Maritime Customs for the blocking up of the North Channel at the upper end of Tsungming Island, where the narrowest part is about three miles. He says that a million taels or more is necessary for the work. Or, let us say, in round figures, five hundred thousand dollars (Mex.) a mile. This is two and a half times my estimate. Now, let us compare the difference. The three-mile channel at the upper end of Tsungming has an average depth of twenty feet of water, while in my project the sea wall or dikes will be built in water having an average of less than two thirds of this depth. Moreover, the work of blocking up the North Channel entirely at a right angle is many times more costly than that of building a rudimental dike of the same length in a parallel line with the current. Since five hundred thousand dollars are enough to block up cross-wise a mile of river twenty feet deep, two fifths of that sum should be quite sufficient to finance the work that I have projected. While writing this, I came across an article in the Chicago Railway Review , May 17, 1919, dealing with the same subject, which states that steel skeleton is a better and cheaper substitute for stone or other materials for building dikes and jetties in a muddy river like ours. Thus, by this new method, we may be able to construct embankments, with cheaper material than I have hitherto known. So, although the estimate which I have made may be somewhat low, yet it is not so far from correct as it seems at first sight.

虽在江阴以上各段，吾人不能发见不亏本之方法，不如江阴下游各段可以新填之地补其所费，但在竣工之后，仍可在沿江建立商埠，由之以得利益也。此建设商埠之计划，将于次部论之。

结   论

当结论此二部，吾更须申言关于筑港及整治扬子江之工程数目，仅为粗略之预算，盖事势上自然如此也。关于在长江出海口及诸泛滥地建筑初步河堤之预算，或者有太低之迹，但吾所据之资料以为计算根源者，在下列各层：第一、为吾所亲见在广东河汊环吾本村筑堤填地之私人企业；第二、为廉价之石，可求之于舟山列岛者；第三、为海关沿岸视察员泰罗君之计算。在崇明岛上端闭塞北水道所费，该水道以此处为最狭，约计有三英里，而泰罗君谓所费约须一百万两有余，然则约五十万元一英里也；比之吾所计算，已为两倍有半，此其差异可得比较而知。盖此崇明岛上端三英里之水道，平均水深二十英尺，而我所计划之海堤江堤，建于水中者，平均比此段少三分之二，且闭塞北水道之工程完全与河流成为直角，则其所费较之建此初步河堤与水流成平行线者，纵使长短相同，所差亦应数倍。而五十万元可以建横截深二十英尺之河，而闭塞之之一英里工程，则其五分之二之经 费，亦必足以供吾所规划之工程之用矣。当吾草此文之际，《芝加高 ^[8] 铁路批评》五月十七日所出之报，适有一论文道及此事。彼谓用钢铁骨架以筑河堤及坝，于浊泥河流，如吾辈今所欲治者，比之用石及用其他材料较佳，而又较廉。然则若采此新法，吾等可以用吾前此未知之更廉材料，以建河堤矣。所以吾前所计算或者不免稍低，而仍离正确之数目不远，决不如骤见所觉之过低也。 kHS1amRf08btbMfJGxa9p0fYG9RpLl5T5c4jb+DwD/ZN0hLuYs5gJI0zuTlDFclh