From the viewpoint of the principle of the line of least resistance, our Projected Port will be on new land which will offer absolute freedom for city planning and industrial development. All public utilities and transportation plants can be constructed according to the most up-to-date methods. This point alone is an important factor for a future city like ours which in time is bound to grow as large as New York City. If one hundred years ago human foresight could have foreseen the present size and population of New York, much of the labor and money spent could have been saved and blunders due to shortsightedness avoided in meeting conditions of the ever growing population and commerce of that city. With this in view a great Eastern Port in China should be started on new ground to insure room for growth proportionate to its needs.

Moreover, all the natural advantages which Shanghai possesses as a central mart and Yangtze Port in Eastern China are also possessed by our Projected Port. Furthermore, our Projected Port in comparison with Shanghai is of shorter distance, by rail communication, to all the large cities south of the Yangtze. And if the existing waterway between this part of the country and Wuhu were improved then the water communication with the upper Yangtze would also be shorter from our Projected Port than from Shanghai. And all the artificial advantages possessed by Shanghai as a large city and a commercial center in this part of China can be easily attained by our Projected Port within a short time.

Comparing Shanghai with our Projected Port from a remunerative point of view in our development scheme, the former is much inferior in position to the latter, for valuable lands have to be bought and costly plants and existing arrangements have to be scrapped the cost of which alone is enough to construct a fine harbor on our projected site. Therefore, it is highly advisable to construct another first-class port for Eastern China like the one I here propose, leaving Shanghai to be an inland mart and manufacturing center as Manchester is in relation to Liverpool, Osaka to Kobe, and Tokyo to Yokohama.

Our Projected Port will be a highly remunerative proposition for the cost of construction will be many times cheaper than Shanghai and the work simpler. The land between Chapu and Kanpu and farther on will not cost more than fifty to one hundred dollars a mow. The State should take up a few hundred square miles of land in this neighborhood for the scheme of our future city development. Let us say two hundred square miles of land at the price of one hundred dollars a mow be taken up. As six mows make an acre and six hundred and forty acres a square mile, two hundred square miles would cost 76,000,000 dollars Mex. An enormous sum for a project indeed! But the land could be fixed at the present price and the State could buy only that part of land which will immediately be taken up and used. The other part of the land would remain as State land unpaid for and left to the original owners' use without the right to sell. Thus the State only takes up as much land as it could use in the devel- opment scheme at a fixed price which remains permanent. The payment then would be gradual. The State could pay for the land from its unearned increment afterwards. So that only the first allotment of land has to be paid for from the capital fund; the rest will be paid for by its own future value. After the first section of the harbor is completed and the port developed, the price of land then would be bound to rise rapidly, and within ten years the land value within the city limits would rise to various grades from a thousand to a hundred thousand dollars per mow. Thus the land itself would be a source of profit. Besides there would also be the profit from the scheme itself, i.e., the harbor and the city. Because of its commanding position, the harbor has every possibility of becoming a city equal to New York. It would probably be the only deep-water seaport for the Yangtze Valley and beyond, an area peopled by two hundred million inhabitants, twice the population of the whole United States. The rate of growth of such a city would be in proportion to the rate of progress of the working out of the development scheme. If war work methods, that is, gigantic planning and efficient organization, were applied to the construction of the harbor and city, then an Oriental New York City would spring up in a very short time.

以“抵抗最少”之原则言，吾之计划，乃在未开辟地规划城市、发展实业皆有绝对自由，一切公共营造及交通计划均可以最新利之方法建设之。即此一层，已为我等之商港将来必须发展至大如纽约者之最重要之要素矣。如使人之远见，在百年前能预察纽约今日人口之多与其周围之广，则此空费之无数金钱劳力与无远见之失误皆可避去，而恰就此市不绝长进之人口及商务，求其适合矣。吾人既知其如此，则中国东方大港务须经始于未开辟之地，以保其每有需用，随时可以推广也。

且上海所有天然利益，如其为中国东部长江商港，为其中央市场，我之计划港亦复有之。更加以由铁路以与大江以南各大都市相交通，此港较之上海为近。抑且如将该地近旁与芜湖之间水路加以改良，则此港与长江上游水上交通，亦比上海为近。而上海所有一切人为的繁荣，所以成为一大商埠，为中国此方面商务之中心者，不待多年，此港已能追及之矣。

由吾发展计划之观察点，以比较上海与此计划港，则上海较此港遥劣 ^[2] 。因其须购高价之土地，须毁除费用甚多之基址与现存之布置，即此一层所费，已足作成一良好港面，于我所计划之地矣。是以照我所提，别建一头等港供 中国东部之用，而留上海作为内地市场与制造中心，如英国孟遮斯打 ^[3] 之于利物浦、日本大阪之于神户、东京之于横滨，最为得策也。

以其建造将较上海廉数倍，工作亦简单数倍，故此计划港将为可获厚利之规划。乍浦、澉浦间及其 附近，土地之价每亩当不过五十元至一百元，国家当划取数百英方里 ^[4] 之地于其邻近，以供吾等将来市街发展之计划所用。假如划定为二百英方里，每亩价值百元，每六亩当一英亩，而六百四十英亩当一英方里，故二百英方里地价当费七千六百万元。以一计划论，此诚为巨额。但政府可以先将地价照现时之额限定，而仅买取所须用之地，其余之地，则作为国有地未给价者留于原主手中，任其使用，但不许转卖耳。如此，国家但于发展计划中需用若干地，即随时取若干地，而其取之，则有永远不变之定价，而其支付地价可以徐徐，国家将来即能以其所增之利益，还付地价。如此，惟第一次所用地区之价须以资本金支付之，其余则可以其本身将来价值付之而已足。至港面第一段完成以后，此港发达，斯时地价急速腾贵，十年之内，在其市街界内地价将起自千元一亩至十万元一亩之高价，故土地自体已发生利益矣，而又益之以计划本来之港面及市街之利益。因其所挟卓越之地位，此港实有种种与纽约媲美之可能。而在扬子江流域，控有倍于美国之二万万人口之一地区，想当以此为唯一之深水海港也。此种都市长进之率，将与实行此发展计划全部之率为正比例。如使用战时工作之伟大规模、完密组织之方法，以助长此港面与市街之建造，则此时将有东方纽约崛起于极短时间之中。于是无须更虑其过度扩展与资本之误投，因有无限之富源与至大之人口，正待此港而用之也。

Shanghai as the Great Eastern Port

If only to provide a deep-water harbor for the future commerce in this part of China is our object then there is no question about the choice between Shanghai and our Projected Port. From every point of view Shanghai is doomed. However, in our scheme of development of China, Shanghai has certain claims for our consideration which may prove its salvation as an important city. The curse of Shanghai as a world port for future commerce is the silt of the Yangtze which fills up all its approaches rapidly every year. This silt, according to the estimation of Mr. Von Heidenstam, Engineer-in-chief of the Whangpoo Conservancy Board, is a hundred million tons a year and is sufficient to cover an area of forty square miles ten feet deep. So before Shanghai can be considered ever likely to become a world port this silt problem must first be solved. Fortunately, in our program, we have the regulation of the Yangtze Channels and Embankments, which will coöperate in solving the problem of Shanghai. Thus with this scheme in mind we might just as well consider that the silt question of Shanghai has been solved and let us go ahead, while leaving the regulation of the Yangtze Estuary to the next part, to deal with the improvement of the Shanghai Harbor.

乙   以上海为东方大港

如使我之计划，唯欲以一深水港面，供中国此部分将来商务之用，则必取前之计划港，而舍上海无疑。任从何点观察，上海皆为僵死之港，然而在我之中国发展计划，上海有特殊地位。由此审度之，于上海仍可求得一种救济法也。扬子江之沙泥，每年填塞上海通路，迅速异常，此实阻上海为将来商务之世界港之噩神也。据黄浦江浚渫局技师长方希典斯坦君所推算，此种沙泥每年计有一万万吨，此数足以铺积满四十英方里之地面，至十英尺之厚。必首先解决此沙泥问题，然后可视上海为能永成为一世界商港者也。幸而在吾计划中，本有整治扬子江水道及河岸一部，将有助于上海通路之解决。故常以此计划置诸心中，即可将沙泥问题作为已解决者，而将整治长江入海口一事让之次部。现在先商上海港面改良一事。

There are many plans proposed by experts for improving the Shanghai Harbor as stated before, and some of them will necessitate the scrapping of all the work which has been done by the Whangpoo Con- servancy Board for the last twelve years, at the cost of eleven million taels. Here I wish to present a layman's plan for the consideration of specialists and the public.

My project for the construction of a world harbor in Shanghai is to leave the existing arrangement intact from the mouth of the Whangpoo to the junction of Kao Chiao Creek above Gough Island. Thus all the work hitherto done by the Whangpoo Conservancy Board for the last twelve years will be saved. The plan is to cut a new canal from the junction of Kao Chiao Creek right into Pootung to prolong that part of the channel which has been completed by the Conservancy Work, and to enlarge the curve along the right side of the Whangpoo River and join it again, at the second turn above Lunghwa Railway Junction, so as to make the river from that point to a point opposite Yangtzepoo Point almost in a straight line and thence a gentle curve to Woosung. This new canal would encircle nearly thirty square miles of land which would form the civic center and the New Bund of our future Shanghai. Of course the present crooked Whangpoo right in front of Shanghai would have to be filled up to form boulevards and business lots. It goes without saying that the reclaimed lots from the Whangpoo would become State property and the land between this and the new river and beyond should be taken up by the State and put at the disposal of the International Development Organization. Thus it may be possible for Shanghai to compete with our Projected Port economically in its construction and therefore to attract foreign capital, to the improvement of Shanghai as a future world port. See Map IV.

Below Yangtzepoo Point I propose to build a wet dock. This dock should be laid between the left bank of the present Whangpoo, from Yangtzepoo Point to the turn above Gough Island and the left bank of the new river. The space of the dock should be about six square miles. A lock entrance is to be constructed at the point above Gough Island. The wet dock should be forty feet deep and the new river can also be made the same depth by flushing with the water, not as proposed by experts, from a lock canal between the Yangtze and the Taihu, at Kiangyin, but from our improved waterway between this part of the country and Wuhu so that a much stronger current could be obtained.

现有诸专门家提出种种计划，以图上海港面改良，如前所述。其中有欲将十二年来黄浦江浚渫局用一千一百万两所作之工程，尽行毁弃者。是以吾欲献一常人之规划，以供专门家及一般公众之研究。

我之设世界港于上海之计划，即仍留存现在自黄浦江口起至江心沙上游高桥河合流点止已成之布置，如此则浚渫局十二年来所作之工程均不虚耗。于是依我计划，当更延长浚渫局所已开成之水道，又扩张黄浦江右岸之湾曲部，由高桥河合流点开一新河，直贯浦东，在龙华铁路接轨处上流第二转湾复与黄浦江正流会。如此，则由此点直到斜对杨树浦之一点，江流直几如绳，由此更以缓曲线达于吴淞。此新河将约三十英方里之地圈入，作为市宅中心，且作成一新黄浦滩；而现在上海前面缭绕潆洄之黄浦江，则填塞之以作广马路及商店地也。此所填塞之地，当然为国家所有，固不待言；且由此线以迄新开河中间之地，暨其附近，亦均当由国家收用，而授诸国际开发之机关所支配。如此，然后上海可以追及前述之计划港，其建造能为经济的，可以引致外国资本也。关于改良上海以为将来世界商港（参观第四图），在杨树浦下游，吾主张建一泊船坞。此坞应就现在黄浦江左岸自杨树浦角起，至江心沙上流转湾处止，跨旧黄浦江面及新开地，而邻于新开河之左岸以建之。坞之面积应有约六英方里，并应于江心沙上游之处建一水闸以通船坞，而坞当凿至四十英尺深。新开河之深，亦当以河流之冲刷，而使之至四十英尺。惟此冲刷之水，非如专门家所提议于江阴设一长江、太湖间之闭锁运河而引致之，乃由我计划所定之改良此部分地方与芜湖间之水道而引致之，如此乃能得较猛之水力也。

As we see that the present Whangpoo has to be reclaimed from the second turn above Lunghwa Railway Junction to Yangtzepoo Point for city planning, then the question of how to dispose of the Soochow Creek must be answered. I propose that this stream should be led alongside the right bank of the future defunct river and straight on to the upper end of the wet dock, thence joining the new canal. At the point of contact of the Creek and the wet dock a lock entrance may be provided in order to facilitate water traffic from Soochow as well as the inland water system directly with the wet dock.

我辈既已见及现在之黄浦江，须由龙华接轨处上面第二转湾起，填至杨树浦角，以供市街规划，则如何处分苏州河之问题，又须解决。吾意当导此小河，沿黄浦江故道右岸，直注泊船坞之上端，然后合于新开之河；于此小河与泊船坞之间，当设一水闸，所以便于由苏州及内地之水运系统直接与船坞联络也。

As the first principle in our program was remuneration, all our plans must strictly follow this principle. To create Pootung Point, therefore, as a civic center and to build a new Bund farther on along the left bank of the new canal in order to increase the value of the new land which would result from this scheme must be kept in mind. Only by so doing would the construction of Shanghai as a deep harbor be worthwhile. And only by creating some new and valuable property in this fore-doomed port could Shanghai be saved from the competition of our Projected Port. After all, the most important factor for the salvation of Shanghai is the solution of the silt question of the Yangtze Estuaries. Now let us see what effect and bearing the regulating of the Yangtze Channel and Embankments have upon the question, and this we are going to deal with in the next part. yOd+qWA7F2nRFSdSLdCVCJfT5vHGr/e1xHhuyGHWV5ZG3D12a3tvUBrGkqIPXF+n