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Confucius and Confucianism
孔子与儒家
在物质生活极大丰富的今天，现在的人也许过于现实了，我们需要努力寻求物质和灵魂的平衡。所以，我们需要重新审视经典。我们在学习西方先进思想文化的同时，以孔子为代表的儒家思想文化也正在进一步走向世界，并为世界上越来越多的国家、人们所理解和接受。现在，就让我们和老外一起聊聊神秘的孔子以及儒家思想。
Realize Confucius and Confucian classics
认识孔子和儒家经典
1孔子简介及影响
Confucius, literally “Master Kong” (traditionally 28 September 551 BC–479 BC), was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period.
The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism or Taoism during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220). Confucius’ thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism.
Because no texts survive that are demonstrably authored by Confucius, and the ideas most closely associated with him were elaborated in writings that accumulated over the period between his death and the foundation of the first Chinese empire in 221 BC, many scholars are very cautious about attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius, a collection of aphorisms, which was compiled many years after his death. For nearly 2, 000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics, such as the Classic of Rites (editor), the Spring and Autumn Annals (author).
Confucius’ principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and, according to later interpreters, of husbands by their wives), and the family as a basis for an ideal government. He expressed the well—known principle, “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself”, one of the earlier versions of the Golden Rule.
2儒家经典的表达方式
（1）The Four Books四书
The Four Books is an abbreviation for “the Books of the Four Philosophers” because The Analects of Confucius, The Mencius, The Doctrine of the Golden Mean and The Great Learning are respectively attributed to four great Confucian philosophers, namely Confucius, Mencius, Zisi (the grandson of Confucius), Tsang Shan (a disciple of Confucius). In the Ming and Qing Dynasties the Four Books were made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations, which endowed them with the superior status in China.
The Great Learning大学
The Doctrine of the Golden Mean中庸
The Analects of Confucius论语
The Mencius孟子
（2）The Five Classics五经
The Five Classics is a corpus of five ancient Chinese books used by Confucianism as the basis of studies. The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, The Classic of History, The Classic of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals, all of which are said to be compiled or revised by Confucius.
The Book of Songs诗经
The Classic of History尚书
The Classic of Rites礼记
The Book of Changes周易
The Spring and Autumn Annals左传
孔子是儒家学派的创始人，也正因为这个原因，儒家的英文表达（Confucian）与孔子（Confucius）同出一源，几乎如出一辙。
自汉朝 “罢黜百家，独尊儒术” 以来，儒学一直被历代统治者视作正统学科，以至作为任贤用能的标准，影响绵延数千年至今。每一个中国人，对儒家经典都是耳熟能详的。而孔子的命运，则是大起大落的。盲目地批判与尊崇孔子都是不正确的，科学地对待孔子的思想，冷静理智地分析他的言论，恐怕与这位 “圣人” 的中庸思想更为接近。
Key words&Sentences
关键词句全知道
Confucius said that harmony was important.
孔子主张 “和为贵” 。
Many basis values of the Chinese are well explained in the Analects of Confucius.
中国人许多基本价值观念在孔子的《论语》中得到很好的阐述。
Confucius was not only a great educator but also a well—known thinker.
孔子不仅是伟大的教育家，也是著名的思想家。
As Confucius said, “People who do not think far enough ahead inevitably have worries near at hand.”
孔夫子说过： “人无远虑，必有近忧。”
All his students he taught patiently and systematically according to their individual innate abilities. In the book Confucius’ Precepts to his Family, there is the story of how he once tried to make his student Zilu see the importance of learning.
孔子实行因材施教，循循善诱的教学方法，《孔子家语》上，记载着他启发学生子路认识学习重要性的故事。
Confucius advocated the importance to love other people.
孔子大力鼓励人要好好地去爱人。
Confucius (Kong Zi) is one of China’ s greatest thinkers and educationists.
孔子是中国最伟大的思想家、教育家之一。
Confucius is respected by most Chinese as the greatest teacher of all time.
孔子被许许多多中国人尊为自古以来最伟大的老师。
According to Confucius, benevolence means courtesy, loyalty and unselfishness.
根据孔子的说法，仁的意思就是礼貌、忠贞以及无私。
The teachings of Confucius tell us to be humble.
孔子教导我们要谦虚。
The greatest disciple of Confucius, Meng Kb (370 BC—290 BC), better known by his Latinized name, Mencius, expounded Confucianism about 200 years after the death of Confucius.
孔子最伟大的继承者是孟珂 (公元前约370—公元前约290年) ，他的拉丁语名——孟子更是闻名于世。他在孔子死后200年左右详细地阐释了儒教的道义。
After Confucius’ death in 479 BC, his students collected his sayings in the Lun Yu (The Analects).
公元前479年孔子死后，其弟子将他的言论编辑成《论语》一书。
After the death of Confucius in 479 BC, his fame spread.
孔子死于公元前479年，死后他的声名远扬四方。
Qufu County is Confucius’ home town where the old man ran a school for many years and trained a good number of capable disciples, a fact that is quite well known.
曲阜县是孔夫子的故乡，他老人家在这里办过多少年的学校，教出了许多有才干的学生，这件事是很出名的。
In Chinese, the three are collectively called San Kong wherein san means three and Kong is the surname of Confucius in Chinese.
在中文里，人们把这三个（孔庙、孔府、孔林）称为 “三孔” ， “三” 的意思是三个， “孔” 是孔子的姓。
It was important for a man to study, taught Confucius, not merely to gain knowledge but rather to improve his character.
孔子曾教导说，学习对一个人来说是十分重要的，不但能够获得知识，而且还能提高自己的品行。
Innately conservative, Confucius was fascinated by the last of these disciplines.
由于生性保守，孔子特别推崇 “礼” 。
Confucius said: “Isn’ t it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned?”
子曰： “学而时习之，不亦说乎？”
Confucius said: “Reviewing what you have learned and learning anew, you are fit to be a teacher.”
子曰： “温故而知新，可以为师矣。”
Confucius was a great thinker of the past.
孔子是一位伟大的先哲。
In Confucius’ opinion, teaching could be done either by advice or by example. In particular, a king must set a good example to his people.
孔子认为，教育可以分为言传和身教，君主特别要身体力行做其臣民的表率。
Now, more and more Chinese and foreigners start studying Confucian culture.
现在，越来越多的中国人和外国人开始学习儒家文化。
The thoughts of using rites and music to educate people received plenty of explanation among works of later Confucian scholars.
礼乐教化思想在后世儒家学说中得到了充分的表述。
Mencius was the most famous scholar of the Confucian School after Confucius.
孟子是我国古代继孔子之后最著名的儒家学者。
The most obvious feature of the Confucian culture structurally is ethic centrality.
儒家文化在结构上最大的特点是伦理中心主义。
Ancient people—oriented doctrines are often associated with the Confucian School.
一提到古代民本主义，人们往往会把它与儒家联系起来。
Let’ s Talk！
开始交流吧！
Emily: How about traditional Chinese culture?
艾米丽：中国传统的文化怎么样？
Mike: The 5000—year—long civilization is the source of pride of every Chinese.
麦克：中国人以五千年的文明为骄傲。
Emily: I know Confucius and Dr. Sun Yatsen are the representatives.
艾米丽：我知道孔子和孙中山的思想。
Mike: Yes, we can see the traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities.
麦克：是的，我们看到中国传统的文化呈现出许多宝贵的思想和品质。
Emily: They lay stress on the importance of kindness and the idea that the world is for all.
艾米丽：他们提出仁爱和天下为公的思想。
Mike: These thoughts have survived many vicissitudes.
麦克：这些思想历经沧桑。
Emily: I’ ve been told Confucius was a great philosopher in ancient China!
艾米丽：我听说孔子是中国古代伟大的哲学家。
Mike: Thought of Confucius in Chinese history of great significance, has already affected more than two thousand years in China, Confucius’ s position in history is also very high.
孔子的思想在中国历史上具有重大意义，已经影响了中国两千多年，孔子在历史上的地位也很高。
Emily: I heard that Confucius was 196.8 cm tall.
艾米丽：听说孔子身高196.8cm。
Mike: It is rare for such a height in ancient times.
麦克：古时候的人这样的身材很少见啊。
Emily: Are there some historic records?
艾米丽：有史料记载吗？
Mike: There was a history record in Confucius of Sima Qian.
麦克：司马迁的《孔子世家》里有记载。
Emily: May be the measuring tools at that time were different.
艾米丽：可能古代的测量工具与今天的不同吧。
Mike: In any case, Confucius was a typical strong man of Shangdong.
麦克：但不管怎样，孔子肯定是个典型的山东大汉。
Emily: Maybe.
艾米丽：也许吧。
the Imperial Palace
故宫
故宫位于北京市中心，旧称紫禁城。是明、清两代的皇宫，无与伦比的古代建筑杰作，世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群。来到中国怎能不去故宫一游呢，现在就带你走进故宫，畅游一番。
Realize the Imperial Palace
认识故宫
1故宫简介及影响
The Imperial Palace, popularly known as the Forbidden City, which has witnessed twenty—four emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruling China for some 500 years—from1420 to 1911, is the most splendid architectural complex in the world, also the brightest pearl in the human history.
Ancient Chinese people fully displayed their wisdom in building the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10—metre high walls and a 52—metre wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 720, 000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate (Wu men) on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valor (Shenwu men) on the north side, being used as the entrance and exit by tourists today. Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings with glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect.
Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centers is on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony, and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences.
Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court at the northern end of the Forbidden City, with the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union, and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility straddling the central axis, surrounded by the Six Palaces of the East and West and the Imperial Garden to the north. Other major buildings include the halls for Worshipping Ancestors and of Imperial Splendor on the east, and the Hall of Mental Cultivation, and the Palace of Benevolent Tranquility on the west. These contain not only the residences of the emperor and his empress, consorts and concubines but also the venues for religious rites and administrative activities.
In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163, 000 square meters. These were laid out precisely in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings.
Today, the Forbidden Palace is open to the public. Splendid paintings on the royal architecture, grand and deluxe halls, and surprisingly magnificent treasures will be displayed before you.
2故宫的著名景点
（1）the three Harmony
Inside the Hall of Supreme gate, there are the Hall of Supreme Harmong palace, the Hall of Complete Harmony palace and the Hall of Preserving Harmony palace. These three palaces are the maintain architecture of the palace museum.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony太和殿
The Hall of Complete Harmony中和殿
The Hall of Preserving Harmony保和殿
（2）the four entrances
There are four entrances into the city. The Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate (Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, the Donghua to the east, and the Xihua Gate to the west. The Forbidden City was surrounded by a ten meter high city wall and enclosed by a moat of 52 meters wide. At each corner of the city wall, there is a magnificent watchtower. All of them were used for protecting the emperor and his imperial family.
Wu men午门Shenwu men神武门
Donghua men东华门Xihua men西华门
故宫作为中国历史的代表，有着深刻的封建韵味。它作为建筑的代表，完全体现了中国劳动人民的智慧与勤劳。它经历着中国的兴衰荣辱，伴随着中国走过每一个阶段。所以一提到故宫，每个中国人都会有种骄傲的感情，它在那里展示着曾经的辉煌，却也提醒着当日的没落。
Key words&Sentences
关键词句全知道
The Imperial Palace, also called the Forbidden City, was the home of 24 emperors from the mid—Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty.
故宫又名紫禁城，从明朝中期到清朝末，有24位皇帝在这里生活过。
A visit to the Forbidden City will enrich the visitors’ knowledge of history, economy, politics, arts as well as architecture in ancient China.
参观故宫会使我们对古代中国的历史、经济、政治、艺术和建筑有一个更深刻的了解。
On October 10th 1925, Chinese government arranged a grand ceremony in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to announce the inception of the Palace Museum.
1925年10月10日，中国政府在乾清宫门前举行了一场盛大的典礼，宣布故宫博物馆成立。
The Imperial palace was the grandest and the best preserved ancient architectural complex in our country.
故宫是我国现存最大，保存最完整的古建筑群。
Three harmonies are the Supreme Harmony, the Complete Harmony and the Preserving Harmony.
故宫三大殿——太和殿，中和殿，保和殿。
The Hall of Union lies between the Palace of Heavenly Purity and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility, with the meaning of combination of Heaven and Earth and happiness.
交泰殿在乾清宫和坤宁宫之间，含天地交合、安康美满之意。
Tian’ anmen Square is just in front of the Imperial Palace.
天安门广场就在故宫的正门前。
It was built with blood and sweat of the labor people centuries ago.
故宫是几百年前劳动人民智能和血汗的结晶。
The Imperial Palace is the biggest national museum in our country.
故宫是我国最大的国家博物馆。
The Imperial Palace is composed of two parts—the Outer Court and the Inner Palace depending on the institution.
故宫按制度分外朝内廷两部分。
To the north of the Imperial Palace, the WanSui Mountain is the natural cover for defense.
紫禁城北有天然屏障万岁山。
The Hall of Complete Harmony is smaller among the three buildings and is surrounded by windows on all its sides.
中和殿在三个殿中算比较小的一个，四面都是窗户。
The west chamber of the Hall of Union served religious purposes and the east one was the bridal chamber where the newly married emperor and empress spent their first two nights after their wedding.
交泰殿的西面房间是为宗教活动设计的，东面是皇帝新婚的洞房，在那里新婚的皇帝和皇后度过他们新婚的头两晚。
The river is spanned by five bridges, which were supposed to be symbols of the five virtues preached by Confucius——benevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence, and fidelity.
内金水河的上面有五座桥，孔子给每座桥都赋予了一个人性方面的美德，分别是仁、义、礼、智、信。
The Palace Museum has more than 9000 rooms in it.
故宫里有九千多间房间。
The Palace Museum is rectangular in shape, 961 meters long from north to south and 753 meters wide from east to west, covering a space of 720, 000 square meters of which 150, 000 is building area.
故宫整体结构呈长方形，南北相距961米，东西相距753米，总共占地72万平方米，建筑面积达15万平方米。
In Ming Dynasty, the Palace of Earthly Tranquility is the living place for empresses.
在明代，坤宁宫是皇后的寝宫。
The Palace Museum was build by Zhu Di, the fourth son of the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang.
故宫是在明朝时朱棣，也就是朱元璋的第四个儿子下令建造的。
Shenwumen is a daily access gate. Now this gate is the main entrance.
神武门是日常出入的门。现在是故宫的正门。
The Palace Museum is a striking testimony to Chinese civilization during Ming and Qing Dynasty.
故宫为明清时代中国文明的历史见证。
In 1988, the Forbidden City was listed by UNESCO as “World Cultural Heritage”.
1988年，故宫被联合国教科文组织列为 “世界文化遗产” 。
The Forbidden City is a good place where you can understand Chinese feudalism history well.
故宫能让你很好地读懂中国的封建历史。
Let’ s Talk！
开始交流吧！
Tom: Wow, Look, What an inspiring scenery! What is this?
汤姆：哇，快看，好壮观啊，这些是什么啊？
Wang Xi: It is the world—famous Imperial Palace.
王希：这就是闻名全世界的故宫。
Tom: The reputation corresponds to reality. What it is used for?
汤姆：真是名副其实啊，它是用来干吗的呢？
Wang Xi: The Imperial Palace was also called the Forbidden City. It was the royal palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
王希：这故宫还有个名字叫紫禁城，是明清两朝皇帝居住的地方啊。
Tom: It has a long history, right? But it seems that the Forbidden City is well—preserved.
汤姆：那它有很长的一段历史了啊，不过看起来紫禁城保存得很好。
Wang Xi: Yeah, it has a history of about 600 years.
王希：是啊，有六百多年了。
Tom: Can I have a visit for it?
汤姆：我可以去参观一下吗？
Wang Xi: Sure. The Imperial Palace has been open to the public. Thousands of people come and visit it everyday.
王希：当然可以，故宫已经是对社会公众开放了，每天都有好几千人来这参观呢。
Tom: It’ s wonderful! I can’ t wait to have a look.
汤姆：太好了，我迫不及待地要去看一看了。
Wang Xi: I promise you will never regret your choice.
王希：我保证你进去后肯定不会后悔这一行动。
Tom: Are you sure?
汤姆：真的吗？
Wang Xi: Of course! When you get into it, you will know the reasons.
王希：当然啦！等你进去就知道啦。
Tom: Got it. I’ m going inside, would you come with me?
汤姆：懂了。我要去了，你愿意和我一起吗？
Wang Xi: My pleasure!
王希：非常愿意！
Beijing Opera
京剧
京剧是中国的国粹，是古代人民的经典创作。京剧的艺术理念，表演形态充分体现了中国传统文化的审美观，如中正端庄、典雅温和、善恶分明、空灵婉转。不论它被授予什么名号，京剧绝不逊色于世界其他经典，而且更具个性。想要了解中国的文化，京剧是必不可少的一部分。
Realize Beijing Opera
认识京剧
1京剧简介及背景
Peking opera or Beijing opera is a form of traditional Chinese theatre which combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid—19th century. It was extremely popular in Qing Dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Major performance troupes are based in Beijing and Tianjin in the north, and Shanghai in the south. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju. It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.
Although it is called Beijing Opera, its origins are not in Beijing but in provinces of Anhui and Hubei. The early Qing Dynasty saw a great development of a plethora of operas. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Hui and Han operas were brought into Beijing. They became immensely popular with the imperial family, nobles, officials and the commoners. The marriage of Hui and Han operas became known as the Beijing opera.
Peking opera features four main types of performers. Performing troupes often have several of each variety, as well as numerous secondary and tertiary performers. They utilize the skills of speech, song, dance, and combat in movements which are symbolic and suggestive, rather than realistic. Above all, the skill of performers is evaluated according to the beauty of their movements. Performers also adhere to a variety of stylistic conventions that help audiences navigate the plot of the production. The layers of meaning within each movement must be expressed in time with music. The music of Peking opera can be divided into the Xipi and Erhuang styles. Melodies include arias, fixed—tune melodies, and percussion patterns. The repertoire of Peking opera includes over 1, 400 works, which are based on Chinese history, folklore, and, increasingly, contemporary life.
Peking opera was denounced as “feudalistic” and “bourgeoise” during the Cultural Revolution, and replaced with the eight revolutionary model operas as a means of propaganda and indoctrination. After the Cultural Revolution, these transformations were largely undone. In recent years, Peking opera has attempted numerous reforms in response to sagging audience numbers. These reforms, which include improving performance quality, adapting new performance elements, and performing new and original plays, have met with mixed success.
2京剧的特殊表达
（1）京剧中的表演手法
Beijing Opera is a comprehensive performing art. That is, sing (singing), read (speak and talk) and do (performance), fight (martial arts) for the integration. Beijing opera features four main types of performers.
sing唱read念
do做fight打
（2）京剧中的角色
The traditional features of the masklike makeup and elaborate costumes immediately identify the characters to a knowing audience. It uses different colors and strokes to exaggerate actors’ features, either to beautify them or to make them ugly. They are used to show the personality of the character and to add a touch of drama to the role.
Sheng生Dan旦
Jing净Chou丑
京剧中的内容丰富多样，有不同的表演方法，不同的发音技巧，还有各式各样的脸谱。虽然它只有两百多年的历史，但它的发展相当迅速。到目前为止，还是最流行的一种戏曲。京剧带给我们的不仅仅是那精湛的表演功夫，更是中国人民的艺术结晶。
Key words&Sentences
关键词句全知道
Chinese traditional opera is considered as one of three ancient operas in the world together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and Indian Sanskrit opera.
京剧和希腊悲剧、喜剧，印度梵剧并称为世界三大古剧。
Among the more than 360 ancient local operas in china, Peking Opera is known as China’ s national opera.
在中国360多个地方剧种中，京剧处于国剧的地位。
Peking Opera arose in the late 18th century but not became fully developed and recognized until the mid—19th century.
京剧出现在18世纪，但到了19世纪才得到充分的发展和认可。
Mei Lanfang, Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu and Xun Huisheng were named as the four most famous actors of Peking Opera at that time.
那时候，京剧中有四位代表性的演员：梅兰芳、尚小云、程砚秋、荀慧生。
Specific types of facial make—up in Peking Opera are put on actors’ faces to symbolize the personalities, characteristics, and fates of the roles.
有一些特别的脸谱是为了有象征性地显示出演员的个性，特点和角色命运。
Red facial types have positive meanings, symbolizing brave, faithful, and wise men.
红色脸谱表示忠勇义烈。
Beijing opera was popular during Qing dynasty.
京剧在清朝时期很流行。
During the 20th century, Beijing opera witnessed a steady decline in audience numbers.
在20世纪，京剧的观众越来越少。
There are so many famous Beijing operas in our lives, for example, Farewell to My Concubine, Drunkened Concubine.
在我们生活周围还流传着很多的出名的京剧，例如《霸王别姬》，《贵妃醉酒》。
Beijing opera was listed in the Representative List of the Intangible cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.
2010年，京剧列入 “人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录” 。
Black facial types represent brave and upright men, even the rash ones.
黑色的脸谱表示勇猛、正直甚至鲁莽。
Blue and green facial types represent men who have bad temper.
蓝色或绿色的脸谱表示一些粗豪暴躁的人物。
Facial type is a prominent feature of Beijing Opera.
脸谱是京剧中最有特色的艺术。
Beijing Opera is traditional Chinese art.
京剧，是中国的传统艺术。
On the source of facial types, the general view is from mask.
关于脸谱，一般的说法是来自假面具。
The methods of painting and coloring of facial makeup in Beijing Opera basically divided into three categories: rub faces, smear faces and sketch faces.
京剧脸谱的画法，基本上分为三类：揉脸、抹脸、勾脸。
Mr Meilanfang, the master of Peking Opera, spent more than fifty years on stage.
中国京剧艺术大师梅兰芳有五十多年的舞台生涯。
The heroine of Dou E’ s Grievance is a typical “Qingyi” character.
京剧《窦娥冤》中的女主角窦娥就是典型的青衣角色。
Mr Meilanfang is the symbol of Chinese acting art and is our nation’ s pride.
梅兰芳先生是中国表演艺术的象征，是我国人民的骄傲。
Let’ s Talk！
开始交流吧！
Alice: Peter, have you ever seen a Peking Opera?
艾里斯：皮特，你看过京剧吗？
Peter: Of course. Peking Opera is kind of symbol of China. I suppose every foreigner would manage to see it.
皮特：当然看过。京剧是中国的一种象征。我想每个外国人都会设法去看看的。
Alice: Great. What repertoire did you see?
艾里斯：太棒了。你看的是什么剧目？
Peter: Umm. I don’ t remember the name. But the story is about a defeated king whose concubine killed herself.
皮特：嗯。我不记得名字了。但故事是关于一个战败的国王，他的妃子自杀了。
Alice: That must be The King Says Farewell to His Concubine. What do you think of Peking Opera?
艾里斯：那肯定是 “霸王别姬” 。你认为京剧怎么样？
Peter: Well, it is an admirable art and at the same time a difficult abstract art.
皮特：嗯。它是一种令人赞叹的艺术，同时也是一种抽象的，理解起来有点困难的艺术。
Alice: So it is. Peking Opera synthesizes music, drama, dancing, and acrobatics along with very elaborate costumes and a minimum of props, according to traditions and customs dating back as far as the twelfth century.
艾里斯：的确如你所说。京剧结合了音乐、话剧、舞蹈和杂技于一身。它的戏装非常精致，道具很少，可追溯至12世纪的传统和风俗。
Peter: Oh, I don’ t know that! You guys are lucky to have such wonderful heritage.
皮特：哦。我还真不知道这些！你们拥有这样的传统真是幸运。
Alice: There is a Beijing Opera show tonight. Let’ s go to watch it together, all right?
艾里斯：今天晚上有一场京剧，咱们一起去看吧，怎么样？
Peter: What Peking Opera shows are on today? Are the actors famous?
皮特：今天上演什么京剧剧目？演员有名吗？
Alice: Drunkened Concubine. I can’ t recall their names, but according to the newspaper, they are all very famous.
艾里斯：贵妃醉酒。我说不出他们的名字。不过报纸上说，那些演员都挺有名的。
Peter: All right then, when do we leave?
皮特：那好，咱们几点出发？
Alice: The Opera begins at seven p.m., let’ s leave at a quarter past six.
艾里斯：京剧晚上七点开始，咱们六点一刻出发吧。
Peter: It is a deal.
皮特：一言为定。
Bruce Lee and Chinese Kung Fu
李小龙和中国功夫
中国功夫之所以受到世界瞩目，与它的文化历史渊源是分不开的。功夫不是单纯的拳脚运动，它是民族智慧的结晶，也是民族传统文化的体现。李小龙的一生是短暂的，但却如同一颗耀眼的彗星划过国际武坛的上空，对现代技击术和电影表演艺术的发展作出了巨大的贡献。他主演的功夫片风行海外，中国功夫也随之闻名世界。
Realize Bruce Lee and Chinese Kung Fu
认识李小龙和中国功夫
1李小龙和中国功夫简介
Kung fu (also known as wushu or martial arts) is one of the most well known examples of traditional Chinese culture. It is probably one of the earliest and longest lasting sports which utilizes both brawn and brain. The theory of Kungfu is based upon classical Chinese philosophy. Over its long history it has developed as a unique combination of exercise, practical self—defense, self—discipline and art.
Chinese Kungfu possesses an important and extensive cross—cultural significance. Western culture has, of course, a great influence on the path of Chinese modernization. Meanwhile Chinese culture is also making an impact on Western culture; the popularity of Chinese Kungfu, including Taijiquan, Qigong, etc., is not limited to China but has become a worldwide phenomenon; it thus is a typical example of this reverse impact. As it includes different aspects such as fighting exercise and health care, daily life and academic study, natural state and social scope, research on Kungfu could shed a wholly new light on these interrelated phenomena in an intercultural context.
Bruce Lee was born in San Francisco, California, and raised in Hong Kong. His Hong Kong and Hollywood—produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim. Lee’ s life is short, but is similar to a dazzling comet to delimit the international martial arts world sky actually. He made a tremendous contribution to the modern art of attack and defense technique as well as the development of movie performing arts. The Chinese Kungfu is also world famous along with it. In many foreign language dictionaries appeared a new word——Kungfu. In many foreigners’ mind Kungfu was the Chinese martial arts. Lee has also become the Kungfu incarnation in the period.
2李小龙的作品和功夫分类
（1）李小龙的主要影视作品
Jing wu men精武门
Enter the dragon龙争虎斗
The big boss唐山大兄
（2）功夫的分类
Wushu (Kungfu) is also called national skill. It is a kind of Chinese traditional sport item. It contains series of actions and many actions like fit kick, strike, tumble, hold, fall, cleave together in some certain rules. People spoke highly of it. It is a precious and varied culture bequest which Chinese accumulate during the long social practice.
Chinese boxing拳术
weapons exercise器械
combat对练
collective performance集体表演
attack and defense攻防技术
中国功夫是一种中国特色的文化，是在长期的生产劳动、与大自然的搏斗和冷兵器时代的战争中逐步形成与发展起来的体育项目。它历史悠久，内容丰富，形式多样，具有竞技和健身价值，极具东方文化内涵，深受不同文化背景人们的喜爱。 李小龙是功夫界的一个传奇，他将功夫展现给了全世界，也让全世界记住了这个来自东方的武功高手。
Key words&Sentences
关键词句全知道
Bruce Lee (November 27th, 1940–July 20th, 1973) was an American—born martial artist, philosopher, instructor, martial arts actor and the founder of the Jeet Kune Do combat form.
李小龙（1940年11月27日—1973年7月20日）生于美国，是一个武术家，哲学家，音乐家，武士表演者和截拳道的创始人。
He was widely regarded as the most influential martial artist in the twentieth century.
在20世纪，李小龙被公认为是最具影响力的武术明星。
He was also the father of actor Brandon Lee and of actress Shannon Lee.